He is the author of Academic Progress (1605) and New Tools (1620). Bacon sharply criticized the medieval scholasticism, holding that scholasticism and theology seriously hindered Bacon's book The New Tool and the progress of science, and advocated a comprehensive transformation of human knowledge, liberating the whole academic culture from scholasticism and realizing great rejuvenation. He believes that science must pursue the causes and laws of natural things. To achieve this goal, it must be based on sensory experience. He put forward the principles of materialism and empiricism, and believed that knowledge and ideas originated from the perceptual world, and sensory experience was the source of all knowledge. In order to acquire scientific knowledge about nature, we must base our knowledge on sensory experience. He also put forward the empirical induction method, which advocated that based on the experimental and observation materials, after analysis, comparison, selection and exclusion, the correct conclusion was finally drawn.
Prose collection can best reflect Bacon's writing style: beautiful writing, concise language and profound meaning. The articles in this book discussed his many original and incisive views on the relationship between man and society, man and himself, and man and nature from various angles, which made many people get enlightening guidance from this book. For example:
A person who has no virtue of his own will be jealous when he sees the virtue of others.
Without friendship, the world is just a wilderness.
The best preventive medicine to protect people's mental health is the advice and suggestions of friends. "Doubt is good in my heart. Bacon's essays are like bats in birds, always flying in the dusk. Suspicion makes kings tend to be autocratic, husbands tend to be jealous, and wise men tend to be indecisive and melancholy. "
"Cunning is an insidious and evil intelligence. There is a big difference between a sly person and a smart person, not only in honesty, but also in talent. "
"The virtue of prosperity is temperance; The advantage of adversity is perseverance. The latter is a great virtue. "
Bacon made great academic achievements all his life, but as a politician, he suffered from his official career. His father was the queen's minister in charge of the national seal, and he was never valued by the queen after his death. It was not until James I came to power that he was gradually promoted. He has served as president of the court, procurator-general and minister in charge of seals. , was also awarded the title of baron, viscount and other nobles. However, he was later dismissed from all official positions. After becoming a commoner, Bacon devoted all his energy to the study of knowledge, and he eventually became the founder of the famous materialist philosophy in medieval England. Bacon died in April 1626.
[Edit this paragraph] Classic Quotations
Knowledge is power.
This is a famous saying of Bacon. In Bacon's view, man is the master of nature and can control it. But "to command nature, we must obey nature", that is, we must understand the laws of nature and master scientific knowledge. It is from this perspective that Bacon put forward the famous assertion that "knowledge is power", which has influenced our lives from generation to generation.
The ideal of life is to live an ideal life.
(Note that in English, "strength" is also translated as "strength", so this sentence ...)
People who have a little knowledge of philosophy will lead to atheism. However, a deep understanding of philosophy will bring people back to religion. Category: Life
Smart and prudent people are bound to make a fortune. Category: Life
All truly great people (whether ancient or modern, as long as their fame is always remembered by mankind) are not crazy about love: because great causes suppress this weak feeling. Category: occupation
Etiquette is noble only if it is natural. If it is too artificial on the surface, it will lose its due value. Category: cultivation
Reading history makes people wise, reading poems makes people witty, mathematics makes people careful, science makes people deep, ethics makes people grave, logic and rhetoric makes people eloquent, and whoever has learned something will become a character. Category: science
Rich words are like sparkling beads. What is really smart and wise is short words. Category: Morality
The supreme part of beauty cannot be described with colored pens. Category: Life
Generally speaking, young people are full of intuition and old people are good at thinking. Category: Youth
Love arising from marriage creates children; Love from friendship makes a person. Category: friendship
Opportunity catches the hair on your forehead first, and after not catching it, you will catch the bald head; Or at least it will give you the handle of the bottle first. If you don't take it, it will give you a round bottle, which is difficult to catch.
There is no greater wisdom than making good use of opportunities from the beginning. Category: wisdom
Time is the standard category to measure career: time.
The ability to show off one's appearance is suddenly admirable, while hidden talents can bring luck. Category: Life
Books are ships of ideas sailing in the waves of the times. They carefully transport precious goods to the category of generation after generation: ideas.
In all great undertakings, people should look at opportunities like a thousand eyes before starting to do things, and seize opportunities like a thousand hands when doing things. Category: occupation
If beauty is born in noble people, it is certainly glorious; In front of it, people with bad conduct will feel ashamed and avoid themselves. Category: Life
Young people are more suitable for invention than for judgment; Suitable for implementation, not suitable for consultation; Suitable for the new plan, not for the fixed occupation. Category: Life
Habits formed by wisdom can become second nature. Category: wisdom
Except for knowledge and learning, no other power in the world can establish rule and authority in people's minds and minds, and in people's thoughts, imaginations, opinions and beliefs. Category: thoughts
The success of disabled people is usually unlikely to lead to jealousy. Because of their shortcomings, people are willing to tolerate their success. It also often makes potential opponents ignore their competition and challenge: success.
Reasonable arrangement of time means saving time. Category: Save
When you are frustrated, angry and depressed, telling your close friend once can help you get guidance. Otherwise, this stagnation is disgusting. As the saying goes, people are always willing to keep the greatest flattery to themselves, but the harsh advice of friends can cure this problem. Friends can give advice from two aspects: one is about conduct, and the other is about career. Category: occupation
Reasonable arrangement of time means saving time. Category: Time
Since habit is the master of life, people should strive to form good habits. If a habit starts at an early age, it is the most perfect habit, that's for sure. This is what we call education. Education is actually a habit that began years ago. Category: Education
I think the definition of goodness is beneficial to mankind. Category: Life
A truly fast person is not just a fast person, but a successful and effective person: success.
Failure in practice is mainly due to unknown reasons, and it is in this case that people's two expectations: the expectation of knowledge and the expectation of strength are truly integrated. Category: Failed
Money is the burden of virtue, but also a huge obstacle to virtue; Because wealth is to morality, just like the army and the trench, without it, it will hinder progress, and sometimes even lose victory because of taking care of it. Category: Life
Lucky timing is like a transaction in the market. If you delay a little, its price will fall. Category: Life
The best way is to combine the characteristics of youth with those of old age in career. From the present point of view, young people can learn advantages that they did not have in their old age, while from the perspective of social influence, experienced deacons are reassuring and young people's enthusiasm is inspiring. If the experience of the elderly is valuable, then the innocence of the young is sublime. Category: occupation
Collective habits are more powerful than individual habits. Therefore, if there is a social environment with a good moral atmosphere, it is most conducive to cultivating good social citizens. Category: cultivation
The beauty of appearance is better than the beauty of color, and the beauty of decent and elegant manners is better than the beauty of appearance. The best in the United States is what pictures can't show, and you can't see it at first sight. Category: Life
People would rather believe in fallacies than love truth, not only because truth is difficult to explore, but also because fallacies can better cater to some bad human nature. Category: true
Habit is really a tenacious and huge force, which can dominate a person's life. Therefore, people should cultivate a good habit through education from an early age. Category: Education
The habit formed by wisdom becomes second nature. Category: Morality
People should behave like clothes, not too tight or too particular, a little looser to facilitate work sports category: work.
When you are frustrated, angry and depressed, telling your close friend once can help you get guidance. Otherwise, this stagnation is disgusting. As the saying goes, people are always willing to keep the greatest flattery to themselves, but the harsh advice of friends can cure this problem. Friends can give advice from two aspects: one is about conduct, and the other is about career. Category: friendship
Reasonable arrangement of time means saving time. Category: Time
Virtue, like a famous fragrance, becomes stronger after burning or suppressing: luck is the hardest to reveal evil virtue, and bad luck is the best to reveal virtue. Category: Morality
People who are only beautiful and lack self-cultivation are not worthy of praise. Category: cultivation
Although human nature is secret, it is difficult to be suppressed and rarely completely eradicated. Even if you barely suppress it, it will only make it more violent after the pressure is eliminated. Only long-term habits can change people's natural temperament and character to a certain extent. Category: Life
Most people think according to his intention and speak according to his knowledge and insight, but their behavior is based on their habits. Category: Life
Lack of true friends is the purest and most pitiful loneliness; Without friendship, the world is just a wilderness; We can also talk about loneliness in this sense. People who are inherently unworthy of making friends can be said to come from animals * rather than humans. Category: friendship
History makes people wise, poetry makes them elegant, mathematics makes them noble, natural philosophy makes them deep, morality makes them steady, and ethical rhetoric makes them able to contend. Category: Life
Those who attribute their luck to their cleverness and wisdom too much will not be happy in the end. Category: wisdom
People say that truth is the daughter of time, not authority. Category: true
Reading gives people happiness, glory and talent. Category: reading
Most people think according to his intention and speak according to his knowledge and insight, but their behavior is based on their habits. Category: thoughts
Reading history makes people wise, reading poetry makes people witty, mathematics makes people rigorous, physicists make people profound, ethics makes people grave, logic and rhetoric make people able to contend; Every scholar becomes a role. Category: reading
People who are only beautiful and lack self-cultivation are not worthy of praise. Category: Life
Young people are more suitable for invention than for judgment; Suitable for implementation, not suitable for consultation; Suitable for the new plan, not for the fixed occupation. Category: Youth
Money is like fertile soil, it is useless if it does not spread. Category: Life
Love is like saving a sum of money in the bank, appreciating each other's advantages is like supplementing income; Accommodate each other's shortcomings, which is to control expenditure. The so-called eternal love, from beautiful love to white hair, from blooming love to flower residue. Category: love
The habit formed by wisdom becomes second nature. Category: cultivation
Compassion is the highest virtue of all morals. Category: Life
Pursuing the truth, knowing the truth and relying on the truth are the highest qualities in human nature. Category: true
The beauty of appearance is higher than the beauty of color, and the beauty of beautiful, elegant and proper movements is higher than the beauty of appearance, which is the essence of beauty. Category: Life
Good luck is enviable, but overcoming bad luck is even more amazing. Category: Life
People who have no intimate friends to talk to are cannibals who eat themselves and their hearts. Category: friendship
Time is the biggest category of innovators: time.
The river of truth flows through its wrong ditch; Just like a bud, there is another problem under one truth, and the truth problems nourish each other. Category: true
Talent, like natural flowers and trees, should be trimmed by learning: learning.
When fate smiles, I smile, thinking that she will frown again soon. Category: Life
One of the unique functions of friendship is that if you tell a friend happiness, you will get two happiness; If you pour out your troubles to your friends, you will; Divided into half sadness. Secret love is really like the "touchstone" that an alchemist is looking for. It can double gold and turn black iron into gold. Category: Life
The purpose of seeking knowledge is not to brag or show off, but to seek truth and enlighten wisdom. Category: science
Pursuing the truth, knowing the truth and relying on the truth are the highest qualities in human nature. Category: Life
You can't have both love and wisdom.
Proverbs can reflect a nation's creativity, wisdom and spiritual category: wisdom.
Time is the standard to measure a career. Category: Time
Severe and awesome, rude and hateful, even if condemned in business, it should be solemn and should not be insulted and laughed at. Category: Life
People would rather believe in fallacies than love truth, not only because truth is difficult to explore, but also because fallacies can better cater to some bad human nature. Category: science
Even God can't be wise in love. Category: love
The habit formed by wisdom becomes second nature. Category: wisdom
Virtue is like a gem, which is more gorgeous against a simple background. Similarly, a person who is not luxuriously dressed but dignified, serious and virtuous is awe-inspiring. Category: Life
Habits formed by wisdom can become second nature. Category: Life
Whether the oath is valid or not depends on the purpose of the oath; Not every purpose can make the oath strong. Category: Life
Reading makes a full man, conversation makes a quick man, and writing and taking notes make an exact man. ..... History lessons make people wise: poetry makes people wise; Mathematics makes people subtle; Natural history is profound; Learning logic makes people solemn; logic and rhetoric make people eloquent. Category: Life
Fate is like a market. If you stay there, the price may go down. Category: Life
The virtue of prosperity is temperance, and the virtue of adversity is perseverance. The latter is a great virtue. Category: Morality
Time is the standard to measure a career. Category: occupation
Compassion is the highest virtue of all morals. Category: Morality
The light a person gets from another person's lies is cleaner and purer than the light he gets from his own understanding and judgment. Category: friendship
Reading history makes people wise, reading poems makes people wise, calculus makes people precise, philosophy makes people profound, ethics makes people cultivated, and logic rhetoric makes people able to contend. Category: cultivation
All truly great people (whether ancient or modern, as long as their fame is always remembered by mankind) are not crazy about love: because great causes suppress this weak feeling. Category: love
In the long river of human history, truth, as heavy as gold, always sinks at the bottom of the river and is difficult to find. On the contrary, those fallacies and heresies that are as light as cow dung float on it and are rampant. Category: true
Luck is not without many fears and troubles, nor is bad luck without many comforts and hopes. Category: Life
Reading is not for eloquence and refutation, nor for credulity and blind obedience, but for thinking and weighing. Category: reading
The real and reasonable purpose of science is to benefit human life and enrich human life with new inventions and wealth. Category: science
In the imagination of the rich, wealth is a solid fortress. Category: Life
Reading makes up for the deficiency of nature, and experience makes up for the deficiency of reading. Category: reading
Time is the standard category to measure career: career.
Life is like a road. The nearest shortcut is usually the worst way. Category: Life
Money is like fertilizer. If you don't sow in the ground, it is useless in itself. Category: Life
Virtue, like a famous fragrance, becomes stronger after burning or suppressing: luck is the hardest to reveal evil virtue, and bad luck is the best to reveal virtue. Category: cultivation
Habit is really a tenacious and huge force, which can dominate life. Therefore, people should establish good habits through perfect education from an early age. Category: Education Since habit is the master of life, people should strive to form good habits. If a habit starts at an early age, it is the most perfect habit, that's for sure. This is what we call education. Education is actually a habit that began at an early age. Category: cultivation
If you think twice before you speak, you must speak twice as well as before. Category: Life
Wisdom is accompanied by truth, and wisdom only exists in truth. Category: true
What is the most important gift in life? Then the answer is: first, fearless; Second, fearless; Third, remain fearless. Category: Life
Friendship is rare in the world, and equal friendship is even harder to find: friendship.
Books are the type of ships crossing the sea of time: time.
As long as you think about how many things a person can't do in his life, you can know how many benefits friendship has. Category: friendship
Friendship increases happiness and decreases sadness. Category: friendship
The evaluation of a person is not based on his wealth background, but on his true moral quality. Category: Life
Reasonable arrangement of time means saving time. Category: Save
One of the unique functions of friendship is that if you tell a friend happiness, you will get two happiness; If you pour out your troubles to your friends, you will; Divided into half sadness. Secret friendship is really like a category: friendship for human life.
Our language may be straightforward, but it is not rude and proud; Sometimes you should say a few euphemisms, but don't be hypocritical, frivolous or glib. Category: Life
Friendship doubles happiness and halves pain. Category: Friendship.
One of the main functions of friendship is to vent and relax the resentment and depression in people's hearts. ..... For a true friend, you can convey your worries, joys, fears, hopes, doubts, advice and anything that weighs on you. Category: friendship
It is easier to find truth from mistakes than from chaos. Category: true
No medicine can cure heart disease except a close friend. Category: friendship
Virtue is like a famous fragrance, which will become stronger after burning or squeezing. Good luck can show evil virtue, and bad luck can show virtue. Category: Life
Some old people look cute because their styles are elegant and beautiful. ..... and some young people are beautiful, but they don't deserve praise because of their lack of elegant cultivation. Category: cultivation
The purpose of seeking knowledge is not to brag or show off, but to seek truth and enlighten wisdom. Category: wisdom
Time is an inalienable public property. As time goes by, truth will reveal its category more and more: time.
Friendship increases happiness and decreases sadness. Category: friendship
One unfair trial is more harmful than ten crimes, because crimes only pollute the water source, while unfair trials corrode the water source. Category: Law
Only to friends can you pour out your worries, joys, fears and hopes, doubts and joys. Category: friendship
The happiest thing is freedom. Category: Life
The wisdom of using books is not in books, but outside them. Category: wisdom
[Edit this paragraph] Life
Bacon was born in 156 1 1 22, a bureaucratic family in London. Father Nicola Bacon (151012.28-15.79) is the minister in charge of the seal of Queen Elizabeth. He is studying law at Cambridge University. He is progressive, believes in the Anglican Church and opposes the Pope's interference in British internal affairs. Anne's mother is a famous talented woman with bacon's works. She is proficient in Greek and Latin and a believer in Calvinism. Good family education made Bacon mature earlier and showed extraordinary intelligence in all aspects. /kloc-At the age of 0/2, Bacon was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge University for further study. During his study at school, he became suspicious of traditional ideas and beliefs and began to think about the true meaning of society and life alone.
After studying at Cambridge University for three years, Bacon came to France as an attache of Sir Emo Polly, the British ambassador to France. During his two and a half years in Paris, he traveled almost all over France, met many new things and absorbed many new ideas, which played a great role in the formation of his world outlook. 1579, bacon's father died suddenly, and his plan to prepare for bacon's future pension was shattered, and bacon's life began to fall into poverty. After returning to China to attend his father's funeral, Bacon lived in Gray Law School, where he studied law and looked for jobs everywhere. 1582 finally qualified as a lawyer, 1584 was elected as a member of parliament, and 1589 became a court secretary after the vacancy. However, this position has not been vacant for 20 years. He ran around, but never got any position. Bacon was more mature in thought at this time. He is determined to reform all knowledge divorced from reality and nature, and introduce empirical observation, factual basis and practical effects into epistemology. This great ambition is the main goal of his "great rejuvenation of science" and the ambition he has been fighting for all his life.
1602, Elizabeth died and James I succeeded to the throne. Bacon was very appreciated by James because he advocated the merger of Scotland and England. Bacon climbed to the top and soared. 1602 was knighted, 1604 was appointed as James' adviser, 1607 as deputy attorney general, 16 13 as chief prosecutor,16 as privy Council adviser, and 650. 16 18 was promoted to be an official of the mainland of England and was awarded the title of Baron Verulan. 162 1 year, was awarded the title of Viscount Albens. However, Bacon's talent and interest lie not in state affairs, but in his existence and pursuit of scientific truth. During this period, he made great achievements in academic research. Many books have been published.
162 1 year, Bacon was accused of corruption and bribery by Congress, fined 40,000 pounds by the High Court, imprisoned in the Tower of London, and expelled from the court for life, and was not allowed to serve as a member of parliament or official position. Although he was later exempted from fines and imprisonment, Bacon was destroyed. From then on, Bacon ignored politics and began to concentrate on theoretical writing.
1626 At the end of March, Bacon drove through the northern suburbs of London. He was studying the theory of cold and heat and its practical application. Passing through a piece of snow, he suddenly wanted to do an experiment. He slaughtered a chicken, filled it with snow, and observed the effect of freezing on antisepsis. However, due to his weak body, he couldn't stand the attack of a cold, and his bronchitis recurred and his condition deteriorated. He died in the early morning of April 9th. 1626.
After Bacon's death, people built a monument to commemorate him, and Sir Henry Walden wrote an epitaph for him:
Viscount St. Albans
If you use a more mysterious name, you should
Call it "the light of science" and "the tongue of law"
……
[Edit this paragraph] Bacon's Philosophical Thought
Bacon's philosophical thought is inseparable from his social thought. He is a representative of the emerging bourgeoisie, advocating the development of production, eager to explore nature and demanding the development of science. He believes that empiricism philosophy hinders the development of contemporary science. Therefore, he strongly criticized empirical philosophy and theological authority. He further exposed the root of the fallacy of human cognition and put forward the famous "four pseudo-phase theory" He said that this is a pathological state that generally occurs in people's minds, rather than confusion and problems arising under specific circumstances. The first is the "illusion of race", which is a cognitive error caused by human nature; The second is that "fairyland" is a one-sided mistake in personal understanding caused by personality, hobbies, education and environment; The third is the "illusion of the market", that is, people's thinking confusion caused by the uncertainty of language concepts when communicating. The fourth is "theater illusion", which refers to the misunderstanding caused by blind superstition of authority and tradition. Bacon pointed out that empiricist philosophers used four kinds of illusions to obliterate the truth and create fallacies, which dealt a heavy blow to empiricist philosophy. However, Bacon's "illusion theory" permeates the empiricism of Bacon's philosophy and fails to strictly distinguish the essence of rationality from the illusion of idealism.
Bacon believed that the academic tradition at that time was poor because of the loss of contact between academics and experience. He advocates that scientific theory and science and technology complement each other. He advocated breaking "idols" and eradicating all kinds of prejudices and fantasies. He put forward that "truth is the daughter of time, not authority", which strongly attacked empiricism philosophy.
Bacon's view of scientific method is mainly experimental qualitative and inductive. He inherited and developed the ancient thought that matter is the source of all things, and thought that the world is made of matter, which has the characteristics of movement and movement is the attribute of matter. From the standpoint of materialism, Bacon pointed out that the task of science lies in understanding nature and its laws. However, due to the limitations of the times, his world outlook also has the characteristics of simple materialism and metaphysics.
[Edit this paragraph] Bacon's works
1597, bacon published his first work, essays. In his book, he condensed his understanding of society and life into many philosophical aphorisms in Bacon's On the Wisdom of the ancients, which were welcomed by readers.
From 65438 to 0605, Bacon completed two volumes of On Academic Progress in English. This is a book with knowledge as the research object, which is part of Bacon's grand ideal and plan to transform knowledge in an all-round way. In his book, Bacon lashed out at obscurantism in the Middle Ages, demonstrated the great role of knowledge, and put forward the unsatisfactory knowledge status and remedial measures. In this book, Bacon put forward a systematic scientific encyclopedia outline, which played an important role in the compilation of encyclopedias by the French Encyclopedia School headed by Diderot in the18th century.
1609, Bacon published his third book "On the Wisdom of the Ancient People" when he was the Deputy Attorney General. He believes that in ancient times, there was the oldest wisdom of mankind, and the oldest lost wisdom can be found by studying ancient fables.
Bacon originally intended to write a six-volume encyclopedia "Great Rejuvenation", which is his masterpiece of reviving science and reshaping human knowledge. However, he failed to complete the expected plan and only published the first two parts. The new tool released by 1620 is the second part of this book. New Tools is Bacon's most important philosophical work, which puts forward the principles and methods of empirical cognition initiated by Bacon in modern times. This book is the antithesis of Aristotle's tools.
After finishing his political career, Bacon completed the book Biography of henry vii in only a few months, which was highly praised by later historians and was hailed as "a milestone in modern history".
Around 1623, Bacon wrote The New Island, an unfinished utopian work, which was first published by Luo Lai in the second year after his death. In the book, the author describes his new pursuit and yearning for the blueprint of an ideal society, and designs a country called "Natural Pillar", in which science dominates everything, which is a concentrated expression of the thought and belief of "great rejuvenation" of science advocated by Bacon after graduation.
In addition, Bacon left many works after his death, which were later compiled and published by many experts and scholars, including On the Essence of Things, Clues in the Maze, Criticism of Various Philosophies, Events in Nature, and On Human Knowledge.
[Edit this paragraph] Bacon's position in the history of science
Francis Bacon is the first philosopher who put forward the principle of empiricism in the history of modern philosophy. He attached importance to the role of sensory experience and inductive logic in the process of cognition, initiated a new era of empirical philosophy of perceptual nature with experience, played a positive role in promoting the establishment of modern science, and made great historical contributions in the history of human philosophy and science. To this end, Russell revered Bacon as "a pioneer in logically organizing scientific research procedures".
[Edit this paragraph] Meat products
Bacon, also known as bacon, refers to pork breasts or other parts of pigs that have not been cured and smoked. Bacon is generally considered as the first course of breakfast. Cut its meat products, bacon, into thin slices, bake them in a pot or fry them in oil. Bacon tastes good and is often used for cooking. Bacon is considered to be the main source of obesity, but the view that bacon causes obesity has gradually changed due to the introduction of a low-carbohydrate diet in the United States.
The most common bacon is smoked ribs and bacon ham slices. Traditionally, pigskin can also be made into bacon, but bacon without skin can be a healthier choice.
Bacon is mainly produced in North America, which is called Wuhua B in Britain and Ireland.