The Yangtze River Delta is the largest estuary delta in China, which generally refers to the alluvial plain of Yangtze River sediment deposition east of Zhenjiang and Yangzhou, and is located in the southeast of Jiangsu Province, Shanghai City and Hangjiahu District of Zhejiang Province. The apex of the Yangtze River Delta is near Zhou Zhen Town, Yizheng City, with Yangzhou, Jiangdu, Taizhou, Jiangyan, Hai 'an and Bencha as the northern boundary, Zhenjiang, Ningzhen Mountains, the eastern foot of Maoshan Mountain, the northern foot of Tianmu Mountain to the northern shore of Hangzhou Bay as the western boundary and the southern boundary, and the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea as the eastern boundary.
The delta basement is a part of the Yangtze paraplatform, and the Himalayan tectonic movement interrupted the subsidence. During the Quaternary neotectonic movement, the crust and sea level frequently rose and fell. After the last transgression, the sediment carried by the Yangtze River continued to deposit and began to develop deltas in the estuary.
Because of the Coriolis force, the main river keeps turning right, which makes the estuary sand group merge into the north bank in turn. The sandbars and sandbars formed in Hongqiao period, Huangqiao period, Jinsha period, Haimen period and Beisha period formed the Hanjiang, Taixing, Jingjiang, Rugao, Nantong, Haimen and Qidong counties on the north bank of the Yangtze River today. Now Chongming, Changxing, Hengsha and other sand islands near the estuary will also be merged into the north shore according to this law. The estuary sand mouth also extends synchronously.
The sand mouth on the north bank extends to the northern boundary of the current delta, with a ground elevation of 6-8 meters.
The sand mouth on the south bank extends eastward through Jiangyin, Taicang, Waigang and Maqiao, with a ground elevation of about 4.5 ~ 6 meters, and reaches Hangzhou Bay after connecting with the north bank of Qiantang River. The repulse bay in Shazui silted up and became the predecessor of the ancient Taihu Lake. Since then, the shallow bay has silted up and gradually evolved into a low plain crisscrossed by lakes and rivers. The coastal areas outside the south bank of Shazui are continuously silted into coastal plains.
A series of residual hills with an altitude of 100 ~ 300 meters are scattered on the delta, most of which are composed of Devonian sandstone and Carboniferous and Permian limestone, and a few are composed of Yanshanian granite and trachyte.
In the early days of the delta, humans engaged in fishing, hunting and farming here.
After two great migrations in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Southern Song Dynasty in the 4th-6th century A.D. and the river network construction since13rd century, the delta has gradually developed into a famous "land of plenty" and "land of silk" in China.
Modern industry rose earlier, inland navigation was developed, Shanghai-Nanjing and Shanghai-Hangzhou railways were built one after another, and Kunshan, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Danyang, Nantong, Yangzhou, Hangzhou and Jiaxing in Shanghai and Zhejiang Province developed into industrial cities one after another.
In order to promote and strengthen the economic union and cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta region and promote the sustainable economic development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the 14th municipal economic commissions (offices) were initiated and organized by Shanghai, Wuxi, Ningbo, Zhoushan, Suzhou, Yangzhou, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Nanjing, Nantong, Changzhou, Huzhou, Jiaxing and Zhenjiang 1992, 14.
1997, the municipal government of the above-mentioned 14 city and the municipal government of the newly established 15 city in Taizhou voluntarily formed a new economic coordination organization-Yangtze River Delta Urban Economic Coordination Committee through equal consultation. The coordination meeting shall have a standing chairman and an executive chairman. The executive chairman is held by Shanghai, and the executive chairman is held by other member cities except Shanghai in turn. The Coordinating Committee holds a formal meeting every two years. The coordination meeting set up a liaison office as a permanent office around the executive chairman, responsible for daily work. The member city cooperation offices (commissions) serve as the specific liaison and service departments of the coordination meeting.
A part of the plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Located in the east of Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, north of Hangzhou Bay and south of Toarey Yang Canal. It covers an area of about 50,000 square kilometers. The terrain here is low and flat, and the altitude is below 10 meter. However, there are some scattered isolated hills, such as Huishan in Wuxi, Tianpingshan in Suzhou, Yushan in Changshu, Sheshan in Songjiang and tianmashan. They either stand in the plain or in Taihu Lake, some become tourist areas, and some become Huaguoshan. The apex of the Yangtze River Delta is near Zhenjiang. About six or seven thousand years ago, it was a triangular harbor. The mouth of the Yangtze River is like a trumpet that opens its mouth to the east. The water surface is vast and the tidal effect is remarkable. With the support of seawater, most of the 470 million tons of sediment brought by the Yangtze River every year are deposited into sand dikes on the north and south banks. The sandbars on the north bank extend eastward from Yangzhou to Rudong, and the He Lixia Plain is alluvial by Huanghuai to the north of the sandbars. The sandbar on the south bank extends from Jiangyin to Caojing, Jinshan County, Shanghai, and connects with the sandbar on the north bank of Qiantang River, forming the Taihu Plain. He Lixia Plain is located on the north bank of the Yangtze River, covering an area of about 6.5438+0.4 million square kilometers, and it is a dish-shaped depression. The central lake of the depression swings continuously, mainly including Sheyang Lake and Dazong Lake. Due to the low terrain, historically, floods have been extremely serious. In order to change this situation, the state invested in building water conservancy projects, blocking the Huaihe River in the west, diverting tides from the east, digging canals, and enhancing irrigation and drainage capacity, making this severely flooded area for nine years an important grain production base in the Jianghuai Basin. Taihu Plain is located in the south of the Yangtze River and is the main body of the Yangtze River Delta. With Taihu Lake as the center, the plain looks like a big plate, and the terrain is high one week and low one week. This topographical feature makes the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Taihu Lake flooded and flooded. In summer and autumn, it is often hit by typhoons and heavy rains, and floods are very frequent. In order to resist natural disasters, the local people made great efforts to dig canals, remove stagnant water, repair dikes and build gates, and gradually formed a dense water network connected by ditches. This is the area with the highest river network density in China, with an average river network length of 4.8-6.7 kilometers per square kilometer. There are more than 200 lakes on the plain. The Yangtze River Delta is criss-crossed with rivers and lakes, developed agriculture, dense population and numerous cities. It occupies an important position in the national economy and is known as the "Golden Triangle" of China.
China Yangtze River and Qiantang River are alluvial deltas where they enter the sea. Including the southeast of Jiangsu Province and Shanghai, and the northeast of Zhejiang Province. It is a part of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It covers an area of about 50,000 square kilometers. The apex of the delta is in Zhenjiang and Yangzhou, and the north reaches Xiaoyangkou. South bank of Hangzhou Bay. The elevation is mostly below10m, and the low hills (such as Huishan, Tianpingshan, Yushan and Langshan) are scattered, with an elevation of 200-300m. The annual sediment discharge of the Yangtze River is 400-900 million tons. In general, 28% of the sediment is deposited in the Yangtze River, and in some years it is as high as 78%. The delta continues to extend to the sea. The ancient sand mouths in Changzhou, Changshu, Taicang and Jinshan districts south of the Yangtze River are mostly 4 ~ 6 meters above sea level; The ancient sand mouth in Yangzhou, Taizhou, Taixing and Rugao, north of the Yangtze River, is 7-8 meters above sea level. The ancient sand mouths in Jiangnan and Jiangbei developed gradually after the highest sea level stabilized in the late glacial period. By about 2000, the north bank sand mouth extended to Liaojiaozui, and the south bank sand mouth extended to the southeast with the mainstream of the Yangtze River and connected with the mouth sand mouth of Qiantang River. Sediment continues to accumulate, advancing annually 1958 ~ 1973. It belongs to the northern subtropical monsoon climate, with abundant rainfall, criss-crossing waterways and dotted lakes, and is known as a water town and a country. The land is fertile, and agriculture mainly produces rice, cotton, wheat, rape, peanuts, silk, fish and shrimp. It is one of the most densely populated areas in China. There are many important towns in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on both sides of the Shanghai-Nanjing line, such as Shanghai, Suzhou, Changzhou, Wuxi, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, Taizhou, Nantong, Yancheng and Lianyungang. Among them, Shanghai is the largest industrial and commercial city in China and a world-famous foreign trade port. Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou are scenic spots and emerging industrial cities.
The Yangtze River Delta is a concept with triple significance.
Geographical concept: where the Yangtze River enters the sea, a flat and roughly triangular land is formed due to the continuous deposition of sediment contained in the river. The Wanli Yangtze River flows into the sea from west to east, and the river surges down, and the sediment it carries is constantly deposited in the estuary. After thousands of years, it finally formed an open and broad triangular land.
Concept of industrial economy: the industrial economic belt in southern Jiangsu and northeastern Zhejiang with Shanghai as the leader. This is an economic field with the fastest economic development, the largest economic aggregate and the greatest development potential in China. Statistics in 2004 show that the Yangtze River Delta region accounts for 1% of the national land and 5.8% of the national population, creating 18.7% of GDP, 22% of national fiscal revenue and 18.4% of foreign trade exports.
The Yangtze River Delta Metropolitan Area refers to the fan-shaped alluvial plain formed by the Yangtze River entering the sea, which consists of Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Yancheng, Lianyungang and other 18 cities in Zhejiang.
As a unique landscape on the economic map of China, the Yangtze River Delta is attracting more and more attention from all countries in the world. 200 1 year, which accounts for 2.2% of the national territory and 0.4% of the population, has created 22. 1% of the national GDP, 24.5% of the fiscal revenue and 28.5% of the total import and export.
The rapid gathering of international capital and private capital in the Yangtze River Delta is not only expanding in scale, but also promoting the rapid economic development of this region with its unique vitality. According to statistics, from June to September 2003, the GDP of Suzhou, Hangzhou, Wuxi and Ningbo all exceeded 654.38+000 billion yuan, an increase of 654.38+02% over the same period. Shanghai's GDP exceeded 390 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of over 654.38+00%. This rapid economic growth, which is 3 to 5 percentage points higher than the national growth rate, has been maintained in the Yangtze River Delta for many years.
On this land of less than 654.38+10,000 square kilometers, vibrant large-scale urban agglomerations are constantly rising: "super giant" Shanghai, with an annual GDP exceeding/kloc-0.00 billion yuan, ranks first in the country; The annual GDP of "heavyweight giants" Suzhou, Hangzhou, Wuxi, Ningbo and Nanjing is 200-500 billion yuan; The annual GDP of "Little Giants" Shaoxing, Nantong, Changzhou, Taizhou and Jiaxing exceeds 654.38+000 billion yuan. The county economy, which brings richness and layering to the "Yangtze River Delta" metropolitan area, is highly competitive. In the ranking of the top 100 counties and cities in China published in June 2005, seven counties and cities (districts) in the Yangtze River Delta entered the top ten. The rise of county economy makes the contiguous urbanization of cities in the Yangtze River Delta possible.
This group of economic giants directly attracted the attention of many world-class economic giants. At present, more than 400 Fortune 500 companies have settled here, of which more than 200 have set up regional headquarters in Shanghai and China headquarters, with 8 1 company and 88 investment projects in Suzhou alone. According to incomplete statistics, the contractual utilization of foreign capital in this region has reached nearly 654.38+05 billion US dollars. The Yangtze River Delta has become a powerful magnetic field to attract international capital and technology.
In the "Yangtze River Delta" metropolitan area, enterprises, as the main force of economic development, take the lead. There are nearly half of the top 100 counties in China, and there are nearly 100 industrial parks with an annual industrial output value exceeding 100 billion yuan. There are thousands of giant enterprises such as Wanxiang Group, Jinshan Petrochemical, Yangzi Ethylene, Volkswagen, Shanghai Bell and Dongfang Communication. Most of these enterprises are large in scale and strong in strength, and their product market share ranks among the best in the country and occupies a place in the international market.
Shanghai is one of the international economic, financial, trade and shipping centers, which has promoted the development of the "Yangtze River Delta" region and the whole Yangtze River basin. 20 10 Shanghai World Expo has brought good opportunities to Shanghai in all aspects, and Shanghai is striving to become a "world city". Shanghai's strong radiation and the rapid development of neighboring cities with access to water have made cities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang aware of the importance of regional cooperation. Other cities are trying to find their own urban positioning, looking for opportunities for urban rise in the flow of funds, information, talents and commodities.
Connecting with Shanghai, achieving a win-win situation and promoting economic integration in the Yangtze River Delta have become the consensus of local governments in the Yangtze River Delta region. Suzhou: near the water tower, surrounded by layout; Wuxi: integrate into integration and seek new development; Nanjing: echoing Shanghai and radiating the surrounding area; Hangzhou: connecting with Shanghai, dislocation development. Cities around the "Yangtze River Delta" invariably take the linkage with Shanghai as an important strategy. Taking the road and bridge traffic network planning and construction as an opportunity, the Yangtze River Delta is building a "three-hour economic circle".
The trend of great integration has already begun. The joint projects in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai or 16 cities have involved many fields such as transportation, tourism, exhibition, talents, science and technology, information, trademark, credit, quality inspection and environmental protection. We are exploring high-level cooperation and linkage in industrial planning, policies and regulations, and financial services. And "connecting with Shanghai" has gone beyond the significance of a simple investment platform.
Yangtze River Delta integration is a microcosm of economic globalization after China's entry into WTO. The existence of a large number of foreign companies has greatly enhanced the degree of economic internationalization in the Yangtze River Delta region. The whole Yangtze River Delta is becoming a "world factory", and products made in China are constantly moving from here to the world.
Concept of urban economy: it is an urban agglomeration consisting of 16 cities in the adjacent areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai. Cities in the Yangtze River Delta include: Shanghai; 8 cities in Jiangsu Province: Nanjing, Suzhou, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Taizhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Nantong; Seven cities in Zhejiang Province: Hangzhou, Ningbo, Huzhou, Jiaxing, Zhoushan, Shaoxing and Taizhou.
The Yangtze River Delta is the largest opening area in China, with a solid industrial base, developed commodity economy and convenient land and water transportation, and it is the largest foreign trade export base in China.
The Yangtze River is one of the economic open areas in China.
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Formerly known as Yuejiang Plain. The Pearl River Delta for short. Located in the eastern coast of Guangdong Province, China, it is a delta complex with radial inlet, which is the general name of the big delta formed by Xijiang River and Beijiang River and the small delta formed by Dongjiang River. It is an inverted triangle, with the bottom line starting from Sanshui City in the west, Guangzhou City in the east, and Shilong, with the apex at Yamenwan. The area is about 1. 1 10,000 square kilometers. Alluvium is thin, generally 20 ~ 30 meters. The ground fluctuates greatly, surrounded by hills, mountains and islands, accounting for 30% of the area. The central part is plain, distributed in southern Guangzhou, northern Zhongshan, eastern Jiangmen and western Humen. The annual sediment transport capacity of the Pearl River system is more than 80 million tons, and the delta near the estuary is still extending to the South China Sea. Hekou District can extend 65,438+00 ~ 65,438+020 meters every year, which is one of the key reclamation areas in China. The delta has a subtropical climate, which is warm and humid all year round. The annual average temperature is 2 1 ~ 23℃, with the highest Leng Yue 13 ~ 15℃ and the hottest month above 28℃. There are frequent typhoons from June to 10, with concentrated rainfall and the hottest weather. The annual average precipitation exceeds1500mm. The rainy season is synchronized with the high temperature season, with fertile soil and rivers, which is beneficial to agriculture. The yield per unit area of rice is among the best in China. Tropical and subtropical fruits include litchi, citrus, banana, pineapple, longan, carambola, mango, grapefruit and lemon. Three-dimensional agricultural structures such as mulberry-based fish ponds, fruit-based fish ponds and sugarcane-based fish ponds have been developed, which has become a model of ecological agriculture in China. There are sugar, silk, food, paper, machinery, chemicals, building materials, shipbuilding and other industries, known as the pearl of the South China Sea.
Pearl River Delta Region
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The concept of "Pearl River Delta" originated in the early 1990s. At the end of 1990s, the concept of "Greater Pearl River Delta" appeared on the basis of "Little Pearl River Delta". In 2003, the concept of "Pan-Pearl River Delta" was put forward. Up to now, the "Pearl River Delta" actually includes three concepts: small Pearl River Delta, big Pearl River Delta and pan-Pearl River Delta, which are different from each other but closely related.
The Coordinated Development Plan of Urban Agglomerations in the Pearl River Delta (2004-2020) clearly states that the Pearl River Delta, that is, the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, includes Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Jiangmen, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Huizhou, Huidong, Boluo, Zhaoqing, Gaoyao and Sihui, with a total population of 42.3 million and a total land area of 465.44.
Pearl River Delta Region
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1994 10. On October 8th, the concept of "Pearl River Delta" was formally put forward for the first time, and the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee proposed to build the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone at the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Congress. The "Pearl River Delta" was originally composed of seven cities including Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, Zhuhai, Dongguan, Zhongshan and Huizhou, and a part of Huizhou, Qingyuan and Zhaoqing, commonly known as the Guangdong Pearl River Delta. Later, the scope of the "Pearl River Delta" was adjusted to an area consisting of nine cities along the Pearl River, namely Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, Zhuhai, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Huizhou, Jiangmen and Zhaoqing, which is commonly known as the "Pearl River Delta" or "Little Pearl River Delta". The "Little Pearl River Delta" covers an area of 24,437 square kilometers, less than 14% of the land area of Guangdong Province, with a population of 42.83 million, accounting for 6 1% of the population of Guangdong Province. In 2003, the total GDP of the "Little Pearl River Delta" reached11450.9 billion yuan (1383.5 billion US dollars), accounting for 10% of the national GDP.
Greater Pearl River Delta
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"Greater Pearl River Delta" has two different concepts, one refers to "Little Pearl River Delta" and Hong Kong and Macao, and the other refers to Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. At present, the so-called "Greater Pearl River Delta" refers to the region composed of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. The "Greater Pearl River Delta" covers an area of 18 1 10,000 square kilometers, with a total registered population of 86.79 million and a total GDP of $328.7 billion in 2003. From the perspective of economic scale, the "Greater Pearl River Delta" is equivalent to 1.2 times that of the Yangtze River Delta.
Pan-Pearl River Delta region
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"Pan-Pearl River Delta" includes nine provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangdong, and two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao, with close economic and trade relations. The Pan-Pearl River Delta covers an area of 2.006 million square kilometers, with a total registered population of 456.98 million and a total GDP of 5,260.57 billion yuan (US$ 635.6 billion). Among them, 9 provinces and autonomous regions account for 20.9% of the country's total area, 34.8% of the country's population and 33.3% of the country's total GDP.
The so-called "Bohai Rim" economic circle composed of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Liaoning seems to have never been recognized by Shandong and Liaoning. Shandong people are more concerned about their own rubber peninsula, and Liaoning people don't buy the face of "Bohai Rim".
The following are some cited examples. Do you think "Bohai Sea exists?"
China's three major economic belts, Guangdong (Pearl River Delta), Jiangsu and Zhejiang (Yangtze River Delta) and Shandong (near Bohai Bay), in recent years, ...
The Bohai Rim region is centered on Beijing and Tianjin, and Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai and Qinhuangdao are open to the outside world. ...
The Bohai Rim region is composed of three densely populated areas, namely, central and southern Liaoning, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Shandong Peninsula, and has not yet formed a real economic circle. ...
Supplementary question: Bohai economic circle exists in name only.
"The three urban agglomerations around the Bohai Sea have each formed a sub-region, with their own economic characteristics and industrial layout, different urban systems, domestic contact hinterland and external contact direction, and their own central cities and seaports. However, the links among the three major urban agglomerations of central and southern Liaoning, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Shandong Peninsula are far from being close to integration. Bohai Rim is not an economic zone but three secondary economic zones. " Zhou Yixing, a professor at the Department of Urban and Regional Planning in Peking University, believes that the Bohai Rim region is composed of three densely populated areas, namely, central and southern Liaoning, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Shandong Peninsula, and has not yet formed a real economic circle.