Confucius Confucius lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period, which was a turning point from slave society to feudal society. He was a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. Founder of Confucian educational theory. Confucius, a native of Lu, died of illness at the age of 3 and lived in poverty, which made him study hard the six arts of rites and music, archery, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics (becoming a condition for a scholar to seek officials and eat money). At the age of 30, he officially enrolled students and began his education career. Around the age of 40, Confucianism was established on the basis of private schools. When he was about 50 years old, he got a chance to go into politics, but because of disagreement with the consul, he gave up his job and went abroad to study. Dozens of followers traveled around Wei, Chen, Song, Cao, Zheng, Cai, Chu and other countries 14 years. At the age of 68, he was hired to return to Shandong, focusing on education and the collation of ancient documents. Disciples have accumulated to more than 3000 people, and more than 70 people have made outstanding contributions. In his later years, he completed the compilation and revision of Shi, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi and Chunqiu, and made great historical contributions. He died in 479 BC at the age of 72. Confucius' thoughts and actions were recorded by his disciples and then compiled into The Analects. Han Yu's contribution to education: First of all, Han Yu put forward the educational purpose of "teaching the king before the Ming Dynasty" and advocated the education of "benevolence" (benevolence means "love" and fraternity. Righteousness is the corresponding action caused by benevolence, while morality is an abstract concept, just the code name of benevolence and righteousness, and the specific content of morality. It also extended the Confucian moral concept to the hierarchical relationship between the monarch, the subjects and the people in order to consolidate the feudal order and serve the maintenance of imperial power and the rule of the Tang Dynasty. Secondly, the understanding of the role of education. Han Yu advocates "three qualities of human nature" (superior human nature is good, middle human nature can be induced into good and evil, and inferior human nature is always evil). The function of education is to learn more and understand more. Education plays a very important role in human nature, and the role of education in people with different human nature is also different, which is obviously idealistic. In addition, Han Yu's educational thought of respecting teachers and valuing morality is mainly reflected in Teacher's Theory. The word "Tao" refers to feudal ethics and morality, and "karma" refers to the six classics of poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, righteousness, spring and autumn. "Confusion" refers to the difficult questions raised by students in the process of learning "Tao" and "industry". Finally, the understanding of learning attitude and learning methods. Put forward that "industrious people are diligent, and poor people are good at playing;" The academic viewpoint of "do what you think and destroy the people you follow" emphasizes that you should be strict with yourself whether you enter Germany or study. Zhu's contribution to education: 1. He presided over the restoration of Bailudong Academy, and drew up "The Secret of Bailudong Academy", which became a common learning rule for academies and local official schools after the Southern Song Dynasty. 2. Prepare various teaching materials. Among them, the most influential is the Notes on the Four Books, which is called "Notes on the Four Books" for short or "Notes on the Four Books", that is, the chapters and sentences of the University, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Analects of Confucius and Mencius, commonly known as "University", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius". In the Yuan Dynasty, it was stipulated that four books should be used to select scholars. Since then, the four books have become the standard answers to the imperial examinations and the required textbooks for all schools. 3. Think that the function of education is to "manage tomorrow and kill people's desires". The "reason" here is feudal moral norms such as "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom". The purpose of education is to "understand human relations", which refers to the five ethics, and severely attacks the school education that takes the imperial examination as the purpose and ignores ethical education. 4. Lifelong education is divided into two stages: primary school and university, which reflects some objective laws of talent training. 5. Advocate feudal ethics education with "three cardinal guides and five permanents" as the core. Wang Shouren Wang Shouren, also known as Wang Yangming (1472— 1529). He was born in a feudal bureaucratic landlord family and lived after the middle of the Ming Dynasty when social contradictions were extremely acute. 2 1 year-old, after having obtained the provincial examination in Zhejiang, aged 28, a scholar. He inherited and developed Lu Jiuyuan's propositions of "mind is reason", "conscience" and "unity of knowledge and action", and founded Yangming school. Wang Shouren was arrested and imprisoned for letting Liu Jin, the eunuch of Chen Da, monopolize power, set up a good minister, and wantonly exploited the people. The court staff was exiled to Longchang, Guizhou. His situation in Longchang is very sinister and difficult, with many possibilities of death and few possibilities of survival. When he first arrived at Longchang, he didn't even have a place to live. Later, he managed to settle down in a thatched cottage. After Liu Jin, the great eunuch, was punished, Wang Shouren became an official many times. 15 12 was promoted to Nanjing official and was named "Xinjian Bo". It took 23 years to give lectures at the age of 34 until his death. Cai Yuanpei's contribution to education: First of all, Pei was the first educator to put forward the educational policy of "five educations simultaneously". 19 12 in April, Cai Yuanpei, as the chief education officer, published the "Opinions on Education Policy" in view of the feudal education purpose of "loyalty to the monarch and respect for Confucius" in the late Qing Dynasty, and put forward the educational ideas of military national education, materialism education, civic moral education, world outlook education and aesthetic education. Military national education is physical education, materialistic education is intellectual education, civic moral education is moral education, and world outlook education is the most distinctive and original in Cai Yuanpei's educational thought. Aesthetic education is also called aesthetic education. In a word, Cai Yuanpei's thought of "five educations" is the thought of harmonious development of morality, intelligence, physique and beauty with civic moral education as the core, which is still the first in the history of modern education in China. He adapted to the needs of bourgeois transformation of feudal old education after the Revolution of 1911 and conformed to the progressive trend of social development at that time. Secondly, the concept of running a school is free and inclusive. Freedom of thought and inclusiveness are the guiding ideology of Cai Yuanpei's policy of reforming higher education in China and running schools in Peking University. 19 17, Cai Yuanpei became the president of Peking University and carried out a series of fruitful reforms, which made Peking University look brand-new. Peking University was originally the Capital University Hall in the late Qing Dynasty. Emphasize that the essence of university lies in learning profound knowledge. There are new figures such as Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Lu Xun, Hu Shi, Qian, Liu Bannong and Zhou Zuoren who advocate the New Culture Movement, and old figures such as Gu Hongming, Liu, Huang Kan and Chen Jieshi who are politically backward and conservative, and they are also quite accomplished academically. At that time, the old and new schools coexisted in one school, and each said its own knowledge, forming a situation in which the old and new schools confronted and contended. In a word, the policy of freedom of thought and inclusiveness advocated by Mr. Cai Yuanpei is of great progressive significance. He made Peking University introduce a large number of scholars with new ideas, strongly supported the development of new culture and new ideological trend, and created a new trend of ideological freedom and academic freedom, which not only made Peking University a veritable national famous institution of higher learning, but also made it the cradle of new culture and the May 4th Movement.