Basic fire safety knowledge
First, the basic knowledge of fire control
1. Combustion must meet three conditions: combustible, combustion-supporting and fire source.
2. Common fire sources are: open flame, high-temperature object, Mars, electric spark, strong light, etc.
3. The factors that cause fire in life are: careless use of fire, careless use of electricity, careless use of oil and gas, careless smoking, playing with fire, setting off fireworks and firecrackers, etc.
4. Flammable items at home include: wooden furniture, bedding curtains, clothes, sofas, books, gas tanks, etc.
Second, fire prevention knowledge in schools and public places
1. It is forbidden to bring fireworks, matches and other inflammable and explosive articles into the school.
2. Always check the installation and use of electrical equipment, and cut off the power supply after use.
3. Do not carry kindling and inflammable and explosive materials (such as gasoline and sprinklers) to public places or take public transportation.
Third, the common sense of family fire prevention
1, use fire safely
(1) Chimneys should be far away from wires, ceilings, wooden walls, doors and windows at least 0.2m apart.
(2) There should be protection around the furnace body or more than 0.5m away from combustible materials.
(3) Don't dump ashes and slag, and don't touch flammable materials. It is best to have a fixed safe place, especially in windy days.
(4) Do not use gasoline, diesel oil, alcohol, etc. Set fire.
2. Safe use of liquefied petroleum gas
(1) LPG cookers should not be placed in bedrooms, balconies, warehouses, auditoriums and other public places to prevent air leakage and fire.
(2) Grasp the use of the switch correctly, so as to replace gas with gas. Remember to close the valve after use, and replace it in time if it is broken.
(3) When using liquefied gas, someone should take care of it and don't stay away. Pay attention to adjust the rotor size at any time to prevent the soup from overflowing and dousing the flame or being blown out by the wind, resulting in air leakage.
(4) Liquefied gas tanks should be upright, not upside down, and cannot be cooked or baked with fire.
(5) If the gas leaks, measures should be taken immediately: open the doors and windows for ventilation (do not use electric fans), and then find the leaking part.
3, electricity and electrical safety knowledge.
(1) The fuse is a warning of excessive power consumption, and it should not be thicker and thicker, so as not to cause the wire to catch fire when it is blown in short circuit.
(2) The mobile phone should be turned off when charging, and the charger must be unplugged from the power socket after use, and the unused appliances should be turned off.
(3) When using the electric fan, keep a certain distance from the curtain to ensure that no object will enter the rotating fan and cause a fire.
(4) Don't bake clothes on the electric heater.
(5) Do not use unqualified electrical appliances.
Fourth, fire fighting should follow the original intention of "three rescues".
1, smoke prevention, wear a mask with a fire mask, and cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel for 3-8 layers without a mask (only 3-5 minutes).
2, grasp the direction to escape, smoke, generally 30 cm from the ground is still available, you can use low-profile escape, crawling, palms, elbows, knees close to the ground, along the wall, along the wall to find the door (clockwise or counterclockwise), escape from the door. In the process of escape, all the doors behind you should be closed to reduce the spread speed of fire and smoke. After the fire, you can't take the elevator.
3. Use tools to escape. For the fire below the third floor, use ropes in time (or tear curtains and sheets into long strips), firmly tie the ropes to objects that can bear loads, such as water pipes or heating pipes, and the other end hangs from the window to the ground or the lower balcony, and then slide down along the ropes to escape from the fire. Fires on the 4th-6th floors can be escaped with the help of fire hydrants. When the fire is too big to escape, you should avoid walking, close the door, and find a room with windows to wait for rescue by the window.
Five, alarm common sense
In case of fire, call "1 19" to give an alarm to the fire brigade, and pay attention to the following points when giving an alarm:
1. Describe the district (county), street, town or village where the fire broke out. When there are duplicate names, distinguish them so as not to find the wrong one. There are similar or confusing words in the name, which should be emphasized and made clear. Name all the streets and lanes, don't use abbreviations.
2. Explain what substance is on fire and how big the fire is.
3. Explain the name of the alarm and the telephone number used.
Matters needing attention about intransitive verbs
1, primary school students lack the thinking and physical strength of adults and the ability and experience of self-protection because of their age. When there is a fire, they should leave the fire quickly and don't participate in the fire fighting.
2. The fire alarm telephone can't be dialed at will, so as not to occupy the line and delay other fire rescue.
Common sense of fire safety
1. How to call the fire alarm?
(1) After the fire alarm call is issued, the detailed address, community, street and house number of the fire unit, etc. It should be made clear;
(2) It is necessary to find out what is on fire and the fire situation;
(3) To distinguish between a bungalow and a building, it is best to distinguish the location of the fire, the burning substance and the burning situation;
(4) The alarm person shall specify his name, unit and telephone number;
(5) After the alarm, assign a special person to wait for the arrival of the fire truck at the intersection, and guide the fire truck to the scene of the fire, so as to arrive at the scene of the fire quickly and accurately. It is the responsibility of every citizen to call the police in time when a fire alarm is found.
Second, it is illegal to lie about the fire alarm.
Article 2 of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administrative Penalties for Public Security stipulates that whoever disturbs public order or impairs public safety, but not serious enough for criminal punishment, shall be punished in accordance with the Regulations on Administrative Penalties for Public Security. In the past, some people who lied about fires were punished by administrative detention, fines and warnings.
Third, efforts should be made to eliminate the fire in the early stage.
At the beginning of the fire, the fire area is small and the temperature is low, which is the most favorable opportunity to put out the fire. If a fire is found at this stage, as long as the opportunity is not lost, it can be put out with little manpower and fire extinguishing equipment, even a bucket of water and a fire extinguisher, and the fire loss is very small. Therefore, attention should be paid to fire fighting in the early stage.
4. What should I do if I hear a fire alarm while sleeping?
When they fell asleep and heard the alarm signal, many people opened the door in panic and tried to rush out at once. This is very dangerous. The correct way is:
(1) Climb to the bedroom door and try whether the door is hot with the back of your hand;
(2) prepare wet towels;
(3) Make your own lifeline, but don't jump off a building;
(4) Use natural conditions as life-saving slideways.
5. How to correctly judge the fire situation in the compartment?
When a fire breaks out in a separated room, if the closed door is opened rashly, it will often be attacked by fierce high temperature and smoke, so that it will not only be impossible to escape but also close the door again, which will lead to a fire. To judge the fire situation of partitioned rooms, the following methods can be generally adopted. When the handle of the facade is heating up, it means that there is a serious fire in the partition door. Touch the facade to determine whether the temperature rise should be as high as possible from the ground. It is very effective for hollow metal doors to feel the facade temperature away from the door periphery. However, it is not effective for insulating metal fire doors and solid wood doors, so sometimes the cold facade can't guarantee that the doors are safe. It is an effective method to check whether there is smoke flowing in from the crack of the door. Most of the smoke should flow in from the top of the door. However, it is not always reliable to determine the fire threat only by smoke when the ventilation system of the house is running or a fire-resistant hard door closing device is installed. When the facade is exposed to the flame for less than 1 min, the temperature of the mortar bottom of the metal door handle can be felt, so it is usually an effective and reliable method to detect whether there is a fire in the partition door by touching the mortar bottom of the all-metal door.
Fire safety knowledge and data collection is complete.
First, what should I do if I find a fire?
1 and "1 19" fire telephones (preferably fixed telephones) should be calm. When you hear the dial tone, dial the number 1 19.
2. After the telephone is connected, the address of the fire (including road name, street name, lane name and house number) should be explained clearly.
3, as far as possible, explain what is the fire and fire scope, and the number of people trapped.
4. Quietly answer the questions of the communication staff of "1 19" main station.
5, after the phone hang up, should send someone to meet the fire truck at the intersection.
Second, the three elements of fire fighting
1, follow the wind to avoid being burned by fire.
2, the root fire, the effect is the most thorough.
3, 2-3 meters from the root, the best distance. The effective distance of the fire extinguisher is only 4.5 meters.
Third, the use of portable dry powder fire extinguishers
1. Put the fire extinguisher on the ground, hold the bottleneck with your left hand, hook the safety pin with your right index finger and pull it gently. Don't hold the handle hard with your left hand.
2. Pick up the cylinder, hold the bottom of the cylinder with your left hand and squeeze the handle with your right hand.
3, when the fire cylinder should be tilted down 45 degrees.
4. The pointer of the gas cylinder pressure gauge points to the red area, indicating that the fire extinguisher is invalid, and those pointing to the yellow and green areas can be used normally.
4. What material fires can't be put out by water?
1, alkali metals cannot be extinguished with water. Because water reacts with alkali metals (such as potassium and sodium), it can decompose water to produce hydrogen and release a lot of heat, which is easy to cause explosion.
2. Residual alkali metal carbides and alkali metal hydrides cannot be extinguished by water, such as potassium carbide, sodium carbide, aluminum carbide and calcium carbide. Potassium hydride and magnesium chloride react with water, releasing a lot of heat, which may cause fire and explosion.
3. Flammable liquids that are lighter than water and insoluble in water shall not be extinguished with water in principle.
4. Hot metal and molten steel cannot be put out with water. Because the temperature of molten steel is about 1600℃, water vapor can decompose hydrogen and oxygen above 1000℃, which may cause explosion.
5, three acids (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid) can't use concentrated water, spray water can be used when necessary.
6, high voltage electrical equipment is on fire, in the absence of good equipment grounding or without cutting off the current, generally can't use water to put out the fire.
Five, the fire should follow the principle of "three rescues".
1, smoke prevention. Cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel for 3-8 layers (only 3-5 minutes). If there are no conditions, you can sprinkle urine on your clothes to prevent smoking.
2. Grasp the direction and escape. When a fire breaks out, it is the best choice to use stairs, evacuation passages and open stairs with weak smoke or unburned fire to escape. But when the environment is opaque or unfamiliar, get up from the ground to find the wall, follow the wall to find the door (clockwise or counterclockwise) and escape from the door.
3. Use tools to escape. For fires below the third floor, use ropes in time (or tear windows and sheets into long strips), and tie them firmly to objects that can bear loads, such as water pipes or heating pipes. The other end hangs from the window to the ground or the lower balcony, and then slide down along the ropes to escape from the fire. Fire on the 4th-6th floors can be escaped with fire hydrants.
Six, the specific content of the "72-word formula" for fire escape
Familiar with the environment, easy to find the exit; If a fire is found, call the police early; Stay calm and flee in an orderly manner; Simple protection, prostrate and bend; Carefully enter the elevator and transfer to the corridor; Slow down and escape, not wait to rely on; The fire has burned you, don't run; It is better to stick to it if you are trapped indoors; Escape from a dangerous place, neither greedy nor noisy.
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