At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Habahe was a nomadic place in the new Turk-Hut Mongolia, which was first under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Preaching Counsellor and then under the jurisdiction of Altay Minister. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), Habahetun Bureau was established. In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), Habahe Administration was established. In 9 years of the Republic of China (1920), it was renamed as County, belonging to Burqin County. 19 (1930) was upgraded to a county, which successively belonged to Ashan Road and the sixth administrative region. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it successively belonged to Altay region and Altay region.
The area inclines from north to south, with mountains in the north, hills in the middle and plains in the south. There are Irtysh River, Baja River, Berezi River and Ala Kebek River. Wild animal resources include sable, moose, red deer, goose throat antelope, wild boar, wolf, rock thunderbird and so on. Wild medicinal plant resources include licorice, astragalus, ephedra, cordyceps and so on. There are more than 20 kinds of aquatic resources here, such as sturgeon, hucho, salmon with fine scales, whitebait with long jaws, braided fish and catfish. The discovered mineral resources include copper, gold, silver, lead, zinc and sulfur.
Animal husbandry in this county is relatively developed. Animal husbandry is mainly based on grassland stocking, and livestock include sheep, cattle, horses and pigs. Agricultural products include wheat, oil sunflower, kidney bean and potato. Industries include electric power, mining, livestock products processing, grain and oil processing and food. Gold production has developed rapidly, and now it has become a pillar industry in this county. Ahtobek Port is a national first-class port approved by the State Council.
mineral resources
Habahe County spans two main structural units, Hanas-Mandeicha nappe and Karadzic geosyncline fold belt, with complex geological structure, diverse sedimentary structures, frequent magmatic activities and superior metallogenic conditions. At present, nearly 30 kinds of minerals have been discovered, including 18 deposits, including 2 large-scale deposits, 4 medium-sized deposits (one of which is symbiotic), 2 small-scale deposits 12, and 7 mineralization points and occurrences1.
(1) Ferrous metal minerals: At present, the iron and manganese found in Habahe County are mainly distributed in Dahan, such as Heihan Huduk, the west bank of the middle reaches of Habahe River, Besaraden, Kelkesaiyi, Hei, Salajiaoke, Bestillek and Haibei.
(2) Non-ferrous metal minerals: At present, Ashele No.1 large copper mine and its associated zinc mine are found to be medium-sized mines in the county. This mineral is rich in sulfur, gold, cadmium and silver, and contains a small amount of mineral elements such as lead and gallium. The Ashele large copper mine 1 alteration zone is distributed in the north-south direction, with a length of 2300m and a width of 50-400m. Silicon wafer, sericitization and pyritization are the main types. There are four ore bodies in the deposit 1, which are layered and lenticular. It is roughly estimated that there are 408,000 tons of zinc, 910.9 million tons of copper, 0/0.22 million tons of iron sulfide and 0/0.8/0/0 million tons of gold. In addition, there are more than 20 copper mines and pain mineralization points in the whole county, which are distributed in Kurchatesi, Baihaba, Hatunan Highway, Kungui and other places in the upper reaches of Na Ren.
(3) Precious metal minerals: Precious metal minerals mainly refer to gold and silver. Three primary gold mines, associated gold mines 1, two placer gold mines, associated silver 1, four primary gold mines and placer gold mines 1 have been discovered in the county, and the associated gold and silver are all in the Alersjo deposit. At present, there are five large-scale gold mining areas in the county, namely: Sayi gold mining area in Dolana, Tuokuzibayi gold mining area, Chabenbulak gold mining area, Berezek River placer gold mining area and Caratas placer gold mining area. In addition, there are 8 gold deposits and gold mineralization points in this county.
(4) Rare metal minerals: The rare metal minerals in the county are mainly distributed in the northern mountainous areas, mainly pegmatite beryl, niobium tantalum and lepidolite, followed by rare placer, monazite (reaching industrial grade), xenotime, yttrium niobate and lithium niobate.
(5) Other minerals: Gems and crystals are distributed in many places in the county, 7 of which can reach a certain scale; Chemical raw materials include potash feldspar, barite and sulfur associated with Ashele No.1 copper mine; There are two medium-sized clay mines that can be developed and utilized under the existing economic and technical conditions.
The development and utilization of mineral resources has become the highlight of the county's economic growth, especially the development of Ashele No.1 copper mine, which made the county's copper output reach more than 6,543,800 tons by the end of 2005. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the secondary industry, represented by the extractive industry, grew at an average annual rate of 43.5% and gradually became the pillar industry of the county.
Animal and plant resources
Habahe county has a vast territory, complex terrain, a wide variety of animals and plants and rich resources.
(1) wildlife resources
① Mammals: 14 family, including lynx, snow sweeper, red deer, red fox, beaver, wild goat, sable and mountain rabbit. ② Poultry: 34 families, including swan, grouse, snow chicken and golden eagle. (3) Fish: 9 families, including 4 rare species belonging to the Irtysh River, such as Siberian sturgeon, hucho, small-scale salmon and long-necked whitefish. ④ Amphibians: 9 species in 7 families. ⑤ Insects: 39 families 100 species, mostly agricultural and forestry pests. Besides, there are dozens of other animals.
(2) Plant resources
① Forest plants: there are primary forests in mountainous areas, secondary forests in river valleys and desert forests in plains, with 20-30 species of trees. Among them, Abies sibirica, Picea sibirica, Larix sibirica and Pinus sibirica belong to the national rare plants. ② Forage plants: Due to geographical reasons, seasonal grassland has been formed, which can be divided into ten categories, twenty-nine subcategories and eighty-one grassland plants. ③ Medicinal plants: There are more than 200 kinds of medicinal plants in China, among which Ephedra, Bupleurum, Fritillaria, Lily, Thyme, Adenophora adenophora, Codonopsis pilosula and Cordyceps sinensis are precious medicinal materials.
Wild animal and plant resources are an important material basis for human production and life, and human food, clothing, housing and transportation are closely related to them. It is also an important strategic resource, which preserves rich genetic diversity and provides a broad space for human survival and development. Agricultural biological species are the result of the continuous domestication and reproduction of wild animal and plant species by working people for thousands of years. Strengthening the protection and rational utilization of wildlife resources is of great significance for safeguarding China's food and ecological security, promoting the sustainable development of agriculture and rural economy and society, and building a new socialist countryside.
water resource
Habahe county is rich in water resources, and rivers, groundwater, glaciers and lakes are its main water resources carriers.
(1) River
There are four main rivers in this county: Baja River, Brezek River, Irtysh River and Ala Kebek River. The total length of the main stream is 433 kilometers, the annual runoff is 65.438+0.003 billion cubic meters, and the county's per capita water consumption is 65.438+0.23.799 cubic meters, which is 27 times that of the whole country and 63 times that of Xinjiang. Its rich water resources can even rival the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River. Habahe River runs through the north and south of the county and plays a decisive role in the economic and social development of the county. The average annual flow of this river in 22 years is 210.53 billion cubic meters. The annual water quantity changes little, but it changes obviously in seasons. There are wet periods and dry periods in a year. May-September is the wet season, and the water volume accounts for 78.08% of the whole year, reaching168 100000000 cubic meters, which is consistent with the period of high water demand for crop growth. The dry season from10 to April of the following year is 439 million cubic meters, accounting for 2 1.92% of the annual water volume. At present, only 378 million cubic meters are developed and utilized, accounting for 17.56% of the total inflow. The county's remaining water is 9.594 billion cubic meters, of which 65.438+77.5 billion cubic meters of Habahe water flows abroad in vain. Due to the uneven geographical distribution of soil-water combination and limited water development at present, the irrigated grassland area is not large, and some farmland is threatened by drought, so it is urgent to overcome the problem of drinking water for livestock in winter.
According to another survey, the hydropower reserve of Habahe River is 450,000 kilowatts, and the hydropower development potential is huge, but the hydropower development is still in the primary stage. In winter, the electricity consumption for production and life in the county is not guaranteed, and the power shortage has become the main limiting factor for the county's economic construction and social development. Baja River belongs to Hull water system, which involves the problem of water distribution and needs to be solved as soon as possible.
(2) Groundwater
Habahe county is rich in groundwater resources. In mountainous areas, due to the melting of precipitation and snow, part of it flows into rivers, and part of it supplies groundwater through bedrock cracks, forming fissure water. Part of it flows out of the river in the form of spring water, and the other part is used for irrigation. According to estimates, Habahe County uses mountain spring water to irrigate an area of about 300,000 mu every year, with a total amount of 400 million cubic meters.
Due to the difference of topography, the distribution of water resources in plain area of Habahe County is very different. The buried depth of groundwater in Hedong plain varies with topography, generally between 0.5 and 2.0 meters. However, with the change of seasons and the need of irrigation, the groundwater level is constantly changing, and its depth varies from 2 meters to 10 meters. The groundwater in Hexi Plain is deeply buried, generally at 10-40m. In the south of Erqis River, except for some bedrock fissure water and shallow groundwater buried areas, wells have been drilled to solve drinking water for people and livestock, and other large-scale spring and autumn grassland groundwater is buried deeply, with the depth generally more than 20 meters. At present, due to the lack of systematic exploration of groundwater resources in this county, the groundwater reserves are still unclear.
(3) glaciers
Altai Mountain is above the permafrost zone. There are 390 modern glaciers on the top of the mountain all the year round, with a total area of 247.55 square kilometers and an ice storage capacity of 654.38+0.479 billion cubic meters, equivalent to a water storage capacity of 654.38+0.3./kloc-0.4 billion cubic meters. Among them, there are 35 glaciers in the upper reaches and source of Baja, covering an area of 3 1.26 square kilometers, and the estimated water storage capacity is 1.685438+0 billion cubic meters, which is a stable water source for Baja. There is a large area of ice marsh under the glacier, covering an area of 400.4 square kilometers, which stores a lot of water and plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the Baja River.
(4) Lakes
There are more than 10 lakes in China, with a total area of 1.73 square kilometers, equivalent to 2590 mu, and the water depth is generally between 0.5 and 6 meters. The larger lakes are: Quexian Lake, with an area of 0.5 square kilometers and a water depth of 2.5 meters; Lake Amanbai, with an area of 0.52 square kilometers and a water depth of 1 m; Lake Rekole, with an area of 0.2 square kilometers and an average depth of 1 m. Lakes are favorable resources for developing fisheries.