Hunan Education Edition, Grade Seven, Volume II, Geographical Knowledge Points, Chapter I Understanding Continents
Section 1 Asia and Europe
1, Hemisphere Location: Asia and Europe are located in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere.
2. Latitude: The northern part of Asia goes deep into the Arctic Circle, and the southern part extends to the south of the equator, spanning the cold and warm zones, most of which are in the north temperate zone. Most of Europe is located in the north temperate zone, and there is no tropical zone.
3. Geographical location on land and sea: Asia is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the east, Europe in the west, Africa in the southwest by the Suez Canal, and North America across the Bering Strait in the east. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the south.
Asia
1. Topographic features: ① The terrain is dominated by plateaus and mountains, and the average elevation is high; ② The terrain is high in the middle and low around. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height is very different.
2. Climate characteristics: ① The climate is complex and diverse; ② The continental characteristics of climate are remarkable; ③ Monsoon climate is not a typical temperate maritime climate.
3. River characteristics: Asian river characteristics: (1) There are many large rivers; (2) Most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountainous areas, and flow radially into the sea along the terrain; (3) Wide internal flow area; (4) Most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountainous areas and radiate into the sea. (related to high terrain in the middle and low terrain around)
Europe
1. European topographic features: (1) European topography is mainly plain; (2) Europe is the lowest continent in the world because of its low terrain; (3) The mountains in Europe are mainly distributed in the north and south; (4) The topography of Europe is deeply influenced by glaciation.
2. Climate characteristics in Europe: (1) Europe is dominated by temperate climate; (2) Europe's temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate are the most widely distributed and typical in the world; (3) The climate in Europe has obvious maritime characteristics.
Section 2 Africa
1. Location characteristics of continents with the largest number of countries in the world: (1) Latitude location: Tropic of Cancer runs through the north and south, equator runs through the middle, and most of them are in the tropics. (commonly known as "tropical continent") (2) Land and sea location: the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the north; (3) Relative position: located in the western part of the old hemisphere, spanning the north and south of the equator.
2. Terrain dominated by plateau-topographic features: (1) Terrain dominated by plateau (commonly known as "plateau continent"); (2) Terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest ("roof of Africa"-Ethiopian plateau, the highest peak-Mount Kilimanjaro). Kilimanjaro is called "the equatorial snow peak" because it is high (3.
3. Hot climate-climate characteristics: (65,438+0) Tropical climate is dominant (3/4, above 20℃) 2) The continent with the largest arid area in the world (3) The savanna area is vast (the largest in all continents) (4) The climate types are roughly distributed symmetrically in the north and south.
4. River: Nile, the longest river in the world.
5. Rich in resources-"fertile land" (1) has many kinds of mineral resources and large reserves (diamonds, gold, chromite and phosphate); (2) Abundant animal and plant resources (tropical cash crops, forest resources and grassland resources); (3) There are many kinds and quantities of wild animals.
6. Economy in urgent need of development (1) The natural population growth rate exceeds that of other continents in the world (2) The continent with the lowest level of economic development in the world (3) Agriculture is the most important sector. Corn has the largest planting area and is the staple food; Wheat and rice should be imported; Export tropical cash crops.
7. Clarify the logical relationship: (1) The population problem ―― large population ―― large food demand ―― reclaiming wasteland and overgrazing ―― destroying the environment ―― grain production reduction ―― the population problem is more prominent; (2) The reason why Africa has become the continent with the lowest level of economic development in the world lies in the following reasons: First, long-term colonial rule has resulted in a weak economic foundation and abnormal economic structure. Second, the natural population growth rate exceeds that of other continents in the world, and the burden of economic development is heavy.
Section 3 America
1, New World: (1) The American continent is divided into North America and South America by the Panama Canal. (2) the Americas south of the United States is called Latin America.
(3) The United States and Canada speak English and are developed countries; Spanish and Portuguese (Brazil) are widely used in Latin America.
2. Different natural environments in the north and south:
North America and South America project
Location in five zones: mostly in the north temperate zone, mostly in the tropics.
The longest mountains: the Rocky Mountains and the Andes.
Longest rivers: Mississippi (the fourth longest) and Amazon (the first and second longest)
Main climate types: temperate continental climate, tropical rain forest climate and
The climate of coniferous forest in sub-cold zone is dominated by tropical grassland.
The largest countries: Canada and Brazil
Main race: mainly white, mainly mixed-race.
Country Type: The United States and Canada are developed countries, most of which are developing countries.
3. The difference between Panama Canal and Suez Canal:
The name of the canal connects all continents (locations) and communicates with the ocean.
Panama canal: the passage connecting North America and South America between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Suez Canal: Connecting Asia and Africa, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean (Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea)
4. Topographic features: the terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the western alpine system (Rocky Mountains), the central broad plain (Great Plains) and the eastern low highland (Appalachian Mountains). Haian line twists and turns
The western part of South America is the Andes, and the eastern part is the alternate appearance of plains and plateaus.
5. The largest island in the world: Greenland.
6. The longest mountain range in the world-the Andes.
7. The wettest continent in the world is South America.
Hunan Education Edition, Grade Seven, Volume Two, Geographical Knowledge Points, Chapter Two, Understanding Regions
Section 1 Southeast Asia
1. Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including the Indian zhina Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago.
2. The difference between Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago:
Indo-China Peninsula: The terrain is alternating mountains and rivers. Climate temperate monsoon climate (rainy season and dry season); This river is rich in water power from north to south.
Malay archipelago: rugged, mountainous, volcanic, earthquake and tropical rain forest climate; The river is short and urgent.
3. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country".
4. Importance of Southeast Asia's geographical location: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and is an important hub for world shipping and air transportation. Malacca Strait between Malay Archipelago and Sumatra Island is a natural waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and it is also an important waterway connecting ports along the coast of Europe and the Indian Ocean with ports in the Pacific Ocean.
5. Rich minerals: natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and other tropical cash crops are important producing areas in the world. The output and export of natural rubber and palm oil in Thailand rank first in the world. The Philippines is the country that produces coconut and exports coconut oil the most in the world. Indonesia's oil and Malaysia's tin rank first in the world. Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters in the world.
6. The largest settlement of overseas Chinese: (1) Southeast Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. (2) The population is concentrated in alluvial plains, estuarine deltas and coastal plains of large rivers, while the tropical rain forest areas in mountainous areas and islands are sparsely populated. (3) Southeast Asia is the region with the largest concentration of overseas Chinese in the world.
(4) Guangdong and Fujian are called the hometown of overseas Chinese in China.
Section 2 South Asia
1, South Asian subcontinent: the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west.
2. Three terrain areas: Himalayas in the north, Ganges and Indus plains in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south.
3. Tropical monsoon climate is divided into three seasons: March-May is the hot season; June-10 is the rainy season; The cool season is 1 1 until February of the following year.
4. The main water source of agricultural production in South Asia is abundant rain brought by southwest monsoon. The arrival time and intensity of southwest monsoon are different, and the annual variability of precipitation is large, which is prone to drought and flood disasters and causes different degrees of damage to agricultural production.
5. Crop distribution: rice-northeast and western coastal areas of India and western Bangladesh; Wheat drought and little rain area in northwest China; Jute-the lower reaches of the Ganges; Cotton-the western part of Deccan Plateau.
6. Religion and society: (1) Origin: Buddhism (Sri Lanka, Bhutan), Hinduism (India, Nepal); (2) Islam: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives. (3) Taj Mahal-India
7. Population and economy: One of the densely populated areas in the world (1) The country with the largest population and the fastest economic development in South Asia: India (2) India's computer software industry occupies an important position in the world.
Section 3 West Asia
1, the importance of geographical location in West Asia-the land of five seas and three states.
2. West Asia is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe, between Arabian Sea, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Caspian Sea.
3. Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environment, animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture are dominant (1) Animal husbandry: the traditional economic sector in West Asia. (2) Agriculture and animal husbandry: valleys, plains and oases distributed in the desert; (3) Water-saving agriculture in Israel.
4. Arab countries-_ _ _ _, the birthplace of Judaism and Islam, Christianity _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and Islam all regard Jerusalem as the holy city.
5. World oil treasure house: (1) The region with the richest oil reserves and the largest output. (2) The oil in West Asia is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas. (3) West Asian oil is mainly exported to Western Europe, the United States and Japan. (4) Important oil producing countries: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and Iraq. (5) Oil export routes: ① Persian Gulf-the Strait of Hormuz-Arabian Sea-Red Sea-Suez Canal-Mediterranean-Atlantic-Western Europe, the United States.
(2) Persian Gulf-the Strait of Hormuz-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Cape of Good Hope-Atlantic Ocean-Western Europe, USA.
③ Persian Gulf-the Strait of Hormuz-Arabian Sea-Indian Ocean-Malacca Strait-Pacific Ocean-Japan.
Section 4 Western Europe
Scope: refers to the area near the Atlantic Ocean in Western Europe and nearby islands.
Land and sea location: located in the west of Eurasia, facing the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Mediterranean Sea in the south and the Arctic Ocean in the north!
The coastline is tortuous, and there are many bays, islands, oceans and bays.
Latitude and longitude position: located in the northwest of the old hemisphere, at 40? Between the northern hemisphere and the Arctic Circle, most of them are in the northern temperate zone.
Climate: Temperate maritime climate is dominant. .
Topography: Western Europe is dominated by plains and hills, with low and open terrain, high in northwest and low in southeast.
Developed industry: Europe is a country with highly developed modern industry, with the strongest economic strength and the largest trade volume in the world. Advantages: abundant coal, convenient land and water transportation conditions and strong scientific and technological strength.
Animal husbandry is developed, people call it pasture? Green gold? Favorable conditions: humid temperate maritime climate.
Major countries and capitals: Germany: Berlin, British capital, London; France: Paris, Switzerland: Bern; Madrid, Spain, Rome, Italy, Athens, Greece: Italy, France, Spain.
Section 5 Arctic and Antarctic regions
1. Scope: the Arctic region north of the Arctic Circle, including the Arctic Ocean, northern Eurasia, North America and some islands.
Antarctic region: Antarctic continent and its coastal islands and marginal ice, including parts of the South Pacific, South Atlantic and South Indian Ocean.
Location The area with the highest latitude, the largest longitudinal span and the northernmost in the North Pole is the area with the highest latitude, the largest longitudinal span and the southernmost in the South Pole.
The distribution of land and sea is dominated by the ocean in the Arctic region (Arctic Ocean) and the land in the Antarctic region (Antarctica).
Compared with the Antarctic, the Antarctic region has higher temperature, more precipitation and less wind. The Antarctic region is extremely cold, windy and has little precipitation.
Animals representing Antarctica, polar bears and penguins.
Resources petroleum, natural gas, fresh water coal, iron, petroleum, natural gas and fresh water.
2. In the Arctic Circle, the indigenous people are mainly Inuit and Lapp, while there is no country and settled population in Antarctica.
3. Polar scientific investigation: There are Great Wall Station and Zhongshan Station in China in the Antarctic region; Yellow River Station in the Arctic.
The place with the strongest wind, the most storms and the least precipitation in the world is Antarctica.
Hunan education printing plate seventh grade geography knowledge points Chapter III Do as the Romans do.
Section 1 Japan
1, East Asian island countries-geographical location, territorial composition, outline characteristics Japan is located in the east of Asia, the northwest of the Pacific Ocean, and the north temperate zone. It is mainly composed of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Contour and population: the land is narrow and the people are dense.
2. Basic features of physical geography: (1) Mountainous terrain: mainly mountainous and hilly, with frequent volcanic and seismic activities.
Kanto Plain is the largest plain in Japan. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan and a famous active volcano. (2) Warm and humid climate: it mainly belongs to temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate, with obvious maritime characteristics. The river is short and urgent.
3. Fusion of East and West: In ancient times, Japanese culture was influenced by China. In modern times, European and American cultures widely influenced Japan.
4. Developed economies: (1) Economic profile: GDP ranks third in the world after China. Economic model: "import-processing-export" economy, relying heavily on the international market. Main trade targets: USA, China and Europe. (2) The favorable conditions for Japan's economic development: convenient shipping, advanced technology, high-quality labor force and efficient management. Disadvantages: mineral resources are scarce, and most of them rely on imports. (3) Industries are mainly distributed along the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto. Reason: These areas have many excellent harbors and convenient transportation, which are conducive to importing raw materials and fuels and exporting industrial products. (4) Japan has a small area of cultivated land and insufficient agricultural labor force, but its agricultural production level is very high. It is the largest fishery producer in the world. (5) Major cities: ① Tokyo, the capital, is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of China and one of the world's megacities; ② Kyoto, a famous ancient capital and a cultural tourist city; ③ Tsukuba, an emerging science city.
Section 2 Egypt
1. The land spans two continents: northeast Africa and Sinai Peninsula in Asia. The Continental Boundary between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal
Residents: Arabs and whites believe in Islam and speak Arabic. Capital: Cairo (Millennium ancient capital, the largest city in Africa). Importance of geographical location: It is not only a land transportation hub between Asia and Africa, but also a shipping artery between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It holds the throat of the most important oil transportation line in the world and has a very important strategic position.
2. Deserts are widely distributed: northern Egypt has a Mediterranean climate; Most areas have a tropical desert climate. It is hot, dry and rainy all year round.
3. Egypt's "mother river"-Nile (the longest river in the world)
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