China Library Classification Number: G7 10 Document Identification Number: A Document Number:1005-1422 (2014) 03-0009-03.
The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Decision on Several Major Issues of Comprehensively Deepening Reform" (hereinafter referred to as the "Decision") has the following incisive exposition on vocational education reform: "Accelerate the construction of a modern vocational education system, deepen the integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation, and cultivate high-quality workers and skilled talents". Although there are not many words, it makes me think deeply, and the more I think about it, the more meaningful it is. It feels like it was written specifically for Zhongshan vocational education. Zhongshan vocational education is very basic. According to the evaluation of Guangdong provincial leaders and the provincial education department, it is "walking in the forefront of the province". However, our shortcomings are also very prominent, such as: Zhongshan vocational education system has not really been built; Although the exploration of the mode of combining production with education and school-enterprise cooperation has achieved certain results and been recommended by the provincial government and the provincial education department, it is still far from "deepening" and "integration"; There is still a long way to go to explore the training mode of cultivating high-quality workers and skilled talents in urban vocational colleges. The problems we face are exactly the outstanding problems that the Decision aims to solve.
How to construct the modern vocational education system in Zhongshan has the following thoughts.
The author believes that the construction of modern vocational education system is not a simple proposition at the level of technical operation, but a proposition at the level of development strategy. The construction of modern vocational education system is a huge systematic project, which must be considered from a macro and comprehensive perspective.
First, the background analysis of modern vocational education system construction in Zhongshan
(A) the background of the local education system
Vocational education is only a part of the education system (preschool education, basic education, vocational education, adult education, higher education). Talking about the construction of vocational education system without the construction of local education system leaves the foundation on which it depends for survival and development. Therefore, after putting forward the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's "Decision" emphasized: "We must pay more attention to the systematicness, integrity and synergy of reform."
Zhongshan City has passed the evaluation and acceptance of advanced cities in promoting educational modernization in Guangdong Province, and the achievements are obvious to all, but the real education system has not yet been formed. In terms of hardware construction, there are two relatively weak sectors: preschool education and vocational education, which need to be developed in coordination. For example, there is still a certain distance between secondary vocational schools and ordinary high schools. Vocational schools are faced with three major factors: first, the state's free policy for secondary vocational students leads to a shortage of funds for running vocational schools; Second, the defects of the graded school-running system in Zhongshan City lead to the reluctance of towns and villages to invest in running local vocational schools; Third, the social prejudice against vocational education in Zhongshan still exists. For example, some department leaders put forward to change secondary vocational schools into ordinary high schools because the implementation of the free policy in secondary vocational schools has caused financial pressure on cities and towns.
It is necessary to incorporate the requirements of fair treatment and differentiated education into the overall planning of the government and the regional economic development strategy, so that vocational education can play its due social role. Therefore, without a regional healthy modern education system, there will be no regional perfect modern vocational education system.
(B) the local socio-economic background
Among the five departments of the education system, vocational education has the closest relationship with social and economic development. This is determined by its main school-running goal of cultivating practical and skilled talents. At present, there are 10 industrial clusters in Zhongshan, such as equipment manufacturing, health medicine, electronic communication, lighting, household appliances, metal products, textiles and clothing, home furniture, fine chemicals, and specialty foods. How to build a talent training model and vocational education system that closely meets the needs of these industries is an unavoidable problem in Zhongshan vocational education. Without the demand and support of the industry, the construction of vocational education system will become a passive water without roots.
(C) the background of economic globalization
China is moving towards a socialist market economy in an all-round way, and is integrated into the tide of global economic integration. With the economic globalization, the postal chain attached to the industrial chain is also reconfigured in the global economy. Therefore, cultivating talents with international common standards has become the general trend of the future development of vocational education. To build a modern vocational education system, we must consider the internationalization of vocational education.
Features of this journal: Reflections on the construction of modern vocational education system in Zhongshan
2. What kind of modern vocational education system should Zhongshan build?
To meet the needs of local industrial structure and economic and social development, we should strive to build a vocational education system with distinctive international characteristics, which is characterized by the connection between general education and vocational education, the connection between secondary vocational education and higher vocational education, and the coordinated development of vocational education and adult education.
Third, how to build a modern vocational education system in Zhongshan
In the author's opinion, three measures can be taken: strengthening one finger meditation, opening up three meridians and "golden dragon and five claws":
(A) Fitness "One Finger Zen"
"One Finger Zen" pays attention to internal strength and emphasizes the cultivation of internal strength, so does the construction of modern vocational education system. The key work should be to strengthen connotation construction and infrastructure construction.
Strengthening the basic ability construction of vocational colleges is the basis of constructing vocational education system. At present, we should focus on the construction of "three basics" in vocational colleges: basic venues, basic equipment and basic teachers. The most important thing is the construction of professional teachers. Efforts should be made to solve the problem that skilled craftsmen and excellent professional teachers are difficult to introduce. The current enrollment, examination and management systems and policies are extremely unfavorable to the introduction and retention of such talents, which are vital to the running of higher vocational colleges. It is necessary to formulate relevant policies and measures as soon as possible to solve them. At the same time, fully implement the system that professional teachers in vocational colleges regularly practice in the production line of enterprises. Take various measures to make professional teachers become "double-qualified" teachers with solid professional theory and excellent skills.
(2) Get through the "Three Classics".
First, the connection between secondary vocational schools and higher vocational schools. This is a revolution in top-level design. Guangdong Province, as a national experimental zone for comprehensive education reform, has carried out the reform experiment of the connection between secondary vocational schools and higher vocational schools in recent years. Through the "3+ certificate" college entrance examination, "3+2" and "five-year consistent system", secondary vocational school graduates may enter higher vocational colleges for further study. However, this integration has not fully achieved the expected results at present. When secondary vocational students arrive at higher vocational colleges, their way out is closed, and there is no room for undergraduate, professional master and professional doctor to study and improve. Moreover, the provincial department of education stipulates that the proportion of secondary vocational graduates recruited by higher vocational colleges should not exceed 5% of the total number of graduates each year, which leads to a large number of ordinary high school graduates recruited by higher vocational colleges. The main goal of higher vocational colleges is to cultivate high-skilled talents, which takes a long time. It is difficult to achieve the goal of cultivating ordinary high school students without skill foundation into high-skilled talents in just three years. There are two municipal higher vocational colleges and 1 1 secondary vocational schools in Zhongshan, which have good conditions and foundation for mutual connection. As a pilot city of comprehensive reform of vocational education in Guangdong Province, Zhongshan can boldly explore, try first, find a certain framework and find its own breakthrough first. Through the reform practice of colleges and universities in this city, the improvement process of national and provincial top-level design is influenced and promoted.
Second, pay equal attention to vocational education and adult education. This is a pioneering work of Zhongshan vocational education personnel. As early as the early 1990s, Shaxi Technical School initiated the "overpass" school-running mode of relying on vocational schools to carry out adult cultural and technical education in the whole town, and implementing a campus, a team and two brands, combining vocational education with adult education, combining long classes with short classes, and combining academic education with non-academic education. Known as "one of the three major modes of running vocational education in Guangdong Province", Wang Pingshan, former vice governor of Guangdong Province, came to the school to host the promotion meeting of the achievements to the whole province. At present, under the new situation and general trend of China's full implementation of urbanization and the transformation and upgrading of township industries, it has become an important task for vocational colleges to actively explore how to train and serve local "five kinds of people" (veterans, rural grassroots cadres, rural technicians, employees of township enterprises and junior high school graduates) more effectively, promote their employment or re-employment and even improve the quality of the people, and explore a new model of organic combination of vocational education and adult education under the new situation.
Third, the communication between general education and vocational education. This is the basic element of building a modern education system and the requirement of education reform. At present, it is a common situation in China that junior high school graduates are diverted to secondary vocational schools, while ordinary high school graduates are cut off after being diverted to higher vocational colleges, and there is no "loop" in which secondary vocational schools can return to ordinary colleges and universities. In order to realize the vision of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, everyone can become a talent and be everywhere, it is necessary to build a network system of talent training extending in all directions. Germany and other advanced developed countries have made successful examples. How to build a humanized, personalized and scientific education system based on its own reality is an important task of deepening reform in the field of education, and it is also the sacred mission of every educator in the country.
(C) "Golden Dragon and Five Claws" together
To build a modern vocational education system, we should make concerted efforts like the "Golden Dragon and Five Claws", take a multi-fingered approach and take a multi-pronged approach.
First, strengthen the leading role of the government in the development of vocational education.
The leading role of the government is mainly embodied in grasping "three guarantees" and "one reinforcement";
(1) system guarantee. Establish a joint meeting system of vocational education led by the deputy mayor in charge and attended by the departments of development and reform, education, human society, letter and finance, and be responsible for the overall planning, running schools, resources and policies of vocational education in the city; Regularly study and solve major problems in the development of vocational education.
② Policy guarantee. Formulate policy documents that are conducive to promoting the healthy development of vocational education, building a modern vocational education system, deepening the combination of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation, and cultivating high-quality workers and skilled talents. In order to promote school-enterprise cooperation in Hangzhou, the municipal government issued "Several Opinions on Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation", and relevant departments formulated a series of supporting "Implementation Measures", including: guiding opinions on the construction of on-campus practice bases, off-campus practice bases, school-enterprise cooperation practice bases, vocational education groups, professional construction, student practice, and teachers' participation in productive practice in enterprises. This move is called "Hangzhou New Deal". In order to ensure the implementation of the above-mentioned series of document policies, the municipal budget is set at 654.38+0.2 billion yuan as a guarantee. The practice of Hangzhou can be used for reference by Zhongshan City.
3 financial guarantee. Establish a mechanism for the synchronous growth of financial funds for vocational education and local fiscal revenue, ensure the normalization of financial investment by municipal and town governments in vocational education, and ensure the basic operating funds and necessary development funds for vocational colleges; Implement the national policy of attaching urban education fees to the development of vocational education, and ensure that the funds are in place and earmarked; Establish a new mechanism to encourage and guide social funds to invest in vocational education.
④ Strengthening education supervision. Strengthen the supervision function of the government education steering committee, strengthen the supervision and assessment of the responsibility of township governments to run local vocational education, and establish a reward and accountability mechanism for local governments.
The second is to strengthen the service role of functional departments in the development of vocational education.
Overcome the prejudice that local government departments attach importance to general education and ignore vocational education, and pay insufficient attention to the construction and running of vocational colleges. Learn from the experience of Hangzhou, and strive to create a good government environment that relevant functional departments pay close attention to and carefully support the healthy growth of vocational colleges.
The third is to strengthen the main role of vocational colleges in the development of vocational education.
As the main body of Zhongshan vocational education system, in addition to strengthening its own basic ability construction, the current work focus is to explore "two modes": first, deepen the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation; The second is the talent training mode to train high-quality workers and skilled talents. This is not only the direction of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Decision, but also the objective need for Sun Yat-sen Vocational College to overcome its own defects and achieve self-improvement in the development stage.
The fourth is to strengthen the positive role of industry enterprises in the development of vocational education.
Asking for standards from industry enterprises is a shortcut for higher vocational colleges to scientifically set up majors, improve specialty construction and cultivate marketable talents. Only by integrating industry enterprises into the whole process of running vocational colleges can we ensure that every exporter in the whole talent training chain is qualified, applicable and sustainable. Practice has proved that Ningbo issued the Regulations on School-enterprise Cooperation in Running Schools and Hangzhou issued the Opinions on Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation, which effectively promoted the local school-enterprise cooperation and the integration of production and education, and promoted the win-win situation of vocational education and industry. Our city should formulate relevant documents and policies to promote the cooperation between industry and education as soon as possible, mobilize the enthusiasm of both vocational schools and enterprises, especially enhance the initiative of enterprises, form a long-term dialogue and cooperation mechanism between vocational colleges and industrial enterprises, and strive to promote the integrated development of vocational education and industry, education chain and industrial chain, and vocational schools and industrial enterprises in this city.
Fifth, actively carry out international cooperation in vocational education.
Internationalization is an important factor in the modernization of vocational education. Sun Yat-sen Vocational College has made beneficial explorations in the internationalization of vocational education: zhongshan polytechnic and Torch Vocational and Technical College have established contacts with some vocational colleges in Europe, America and Australia, and initiated some cooperation projects. Shaxi Polytechnic School successfully hosted the Guangdong Vocational Education and Industrial Development Docking and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Garment Industry Forum sponsored by the Ministry of Education and the provincial government, which was affirmed by the leaders of the Ministry of Education. In order to promote the healthy and orderly development of international cooperative education, Zhongshan should actively carry out systematic research on vocational education in developed countries and provide theoretical guidance and decision-making reference for cooperative education. At the same time, relevant documents and policies should be formulated and promulgated as soon as possible. On the one hand, vocational colleges should be encouraged to cooperate with their foreign counterparts, open up vocational education resources and jointly carry out teaching, scientific research, training and education. On the other hand, it is necessary to create conditions to attract foreign vocational education institutions or projects to enter Zhongshan to jointly run schools and jointly cultivate international high-skilled talents.