Educational development paper 1
On quality education and all-round development education
For a long time, people have not fully understood the social role of education in morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor, and the serious consequences of attaching importance to intellectual education while ignoring moral education, physical education, aesthetic education and labor education. All-round development is really in place, and the education and teaching mode still follows the traditional way to a great extent. Although there are some teaching reform experiments, the impact and shock on the overall teaching methods are still minimal, and various manifestations of outdated traditional education can still be seen:
1. Pay more attention to classroom teaching than extracurricular activities. Quite a few schools adopt basic teaching organization forms. Classroom teaching has become the only form. Students revolve around teachers, textbooks, classrooms and homework all day.
2. Pay more attention to teachers' teaching than students' learning. Teaching should be a bilateral activity between teachers and students, but it is a common phenomenon that teachers only care about their own teaching and don't ask students about their study. Teachers spend almost all their teaching time thinking about how to prepare lessons, write lesson plans, give lectures, assign and correct homework, take exams and mark papers. As for the improvement of students' learning methods, few people pay attention to it.
3. Pay more attention to knowledge transfer than ability training. Teaching knowledge to students is one of the important tasks of school education. However, some teachers regard imparting knowledge as their only task, and the resulting rigid teaching method is that teachers treat students as pockets and force them. Like what? Crowd tactics? Frequent exams and requiring students to memorize all belong to this category.
4. Pay attention to the requirements of unity and ignore teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Due to the differences in people's endowments, hobbies, personalities and environmental conditions, some people are often gifted in only one aspect, while others are generally even flawed. For these people, some teachers only use one tone and one size to ask students, and if they are contrary to the teachers' views and requirements, they will be dismissed? Mediocre? 、? Poor talent? , even being won? Cold palace? , as? Waste of talent? So that some students with special skills were buried? Talent? .
These are contrary to the connotation of quality education, and I think it should be changed and implemented from the following aspects.
First, concretize the change of educational concept and implement it in teachers' teaching behavior.
Concept is an ideology that dominates people's behavior. Different teaching ideas will lead to different teaching practices. Teaching concept is the guiding ideology of teachers' teaching activities and the concentrated expression of people's understanding of teaching. With the progress and development of society, the teaching concept is constantly updated. In order to meet the requirements of modern education and make classroom teaching realize the value and function of education in the new period, we should change our educational concept, optimize classroom teaching and improve teaching efficiency. The optimization of classroom teaching process first requires the optimization of educational concepts. Because educational behavior is subject to the corresponding educational ideas, it is difficult for any other reform measures to really produce results without the real change of educational ideas.
Second, change the way of education
Traditional educational methods need not be abolished, but only changed and improved. If we base ourselves on classroom teaching and open up a second classroom, we can't ignore classroom teaching. Because classroom teaching is the basic organizational form of basic education and the main channel to implement quality education, teachers should take every class seriously, which requires teachers to face all students and pay attention to every student in the classroom. No matter which part of teaching, teachers can't just stare at a few. Eugenics? . In the process of teaching, teachers should pay attention to the cultivation of ability, but it doesn't mean not to impart knowledge to students, but to teach students to open the treasure house of knowledge? Keys? Inspired by teachers, students can acquire knowledge independently. Teaching? In this process, teachers should pay attention to analysis and understanding, analyze students' intellectual and non-intellectual factors, understand students' hobbies and learning situation, pay attention to hierarchical education, and teach students in accordance with their aptitude, especially in classroom teaching and extracurricular counseling. For example, in classroom teaching, we can put forward different questions and requirements for different students and arrange different homework. When correcting homework, some students can let them freely approve each other, and some students can also approve each other face to face. This can encourage every student to study actively, so that all students can be improved and developed to varying degrees on the original basis.
Third, from focusing on teaching methods to focusing on learning methods.
In today's society, science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, and new knowledge and technology emerge one after another. Moreover, some knowledge develops and updates quickly. Only when a person has mastered the learning methods and formed the ability of self-study, can he continuously acquire new knowledge and information in his life and adapt to the needs of social development. In the past classroom teaching, teachers only cared about how to teach, no matter how students learn, teaching and learning could not be coordinated and unified, and classroom efficiency was always low. Nowadays, students come to school to study, not only in traditional concepts, but also in learning methods. Only when students master the learning methods can they study consciously, scientifically and efficiently, and teaching can get twice the result with half the effort.
Fourth, from attaching importance to memory learning to thinking learning.
At present, mankind has entered the information society and modern production has entered the era of automation. Faced with this level of productivity, workers must have complex mental labor ability, which is more manifested in creative labor and research, which requires education to cultivate high-quality people. This kind of high-quality person must have creative ability, so modern education should not take imparting traditional culture as its only function, but should guide students to the forefront and future of scientific and cultural development, let students absorb and integrate the cultural essence with different characteristics, and create conditions for students to choose in many ways. Students' learning knowledge is not only the existing conclusion, but also the formation process of the conclusion and participation in the learning process. We must abandon the traditional way of learning by rote and replace it with lively discovery learning and inquiry learning. It should focus on cultivating students' thinking ability and innovative consciousness, and fully tap their wisdom potential.
Five, improve the quality evaluation rules
The position and role of education quality evaluation in the whole process of quality education is very important. Without the detailed rules of educational evaluation, the implementation of quality education is not only difficult to break through, but also may be in danger of judging heroes with high scores. Therefore, I think we should start from? Diversified and all-round? From the perspective of quality education, formulate evaluation rules and make a comprehensive evaluation of teachers' work (including sound, physical education, beauty, labor, mental health and other subjects. ) according to the requirements of fully implementing the education policy and teaching and educating people, according to the consolidation rate, qualified rate, qualified rate, excellent student rate and conversion rate of students with learning difficulties. It depends not only on how the teacher's lesson plans are written, but also on how the students' homework is done, and more importantly, on the fruitful work done by the teacher in ensuring the all-round development of students.
In a word, quality education is closely related to all-round development education, which is completely consistent with the training objectives stipulated in the education policy. Only by understanding the connotation of quality education, constructing quality education system, creating quality education environment and perfecting quality education methods can we fully implement the goal of all-round development of quality education. Our education can really move towards the track of hope.
Papers on educational development II
On the Development of Teacher Education
Abstract: At present, teacher education in China is changing to an open system. In this process, comprehensive colleges and normal colleges have their own unique advantages in teacher education, but they also expose their own corresponding problems. In order to do a good job in teacher education, while correctly analyzing and solving problems, the society should continue to improve the status of teachers and strictly implement the teacher qualification system to ensure and improve the quality of teachers.
[Keywords:] teacher education teacher status teacher qualification system
First, the development background of teacher education model
The teacher education model should adapt to the demand of social development for education in a certain historical period, especially to the specific national conditions such as economy, educational status and teacher treatment. Normal education in China began after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. When was it? People in the ruling and opposition parties are deeply convinced that the country is rich and powerful, and the people's wisdom is backward, and they are discussing reforms to promote learning and revenge to strengthen the country. (1), so, 1896, Liang Qichao published "General Discussion on Political Reform" in The Times? In the normal school. This paper analyzes the situation of teachers in old and new schools and points out that at that time? Teachers in traditional schools, such as Fuzhou County School, Academy and Mongolian Museum, are all people who don't know the six arts and four histories, and don't even know the most basic knowledge of western learning? However, the foreign teaching methods adopted by the new school have many shortcomings. Therefore, in his view, China urgently needs to establish a new school of combining Chinese and Western culture, and cannot rely on the above two kinds of people. The fundamental solution is to establish normal schools and train teachers who meet the requirements of the times. ? (2) Normal schools that advocate self-management? Treat students in normal schools as primary school teaching; Test the grades of normal schools with the grades of primary school students. ? (3)1897, when Sheng Xuanhuai founded Nanyang Public College, he set up Teachers College, which opened the precedent of normal education in China.
At the beginning of the establishment of normal education, mainly referring to Japan's practice, the school setting, curriculum arrangement, funding sources, enrollment targets, graduate distribution and so on were uniformly stipulated by the state. At that time, the school was set up independently, emphasizing the particularity of teachers' profession and attaching importance to the special training of teachers, which met the demand of social development for teachers at that time. With the development of society, the demand for the number of teachers in China has eased, and the demand for the quality of teachers has become increasingly prominent. Today's society needs talents with innovative ability and comprehensive quality. This kind of social development puts forward new requirements for teacher education model. 1 99365438+1October 3 1 The Fourth Session of the Eighth Standing Committee passed the Teachers' Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which came into effect on June 1994 65438+ 10/. 1995 12 12 the State Council promulgated the "Regulations on Teachers' Qualification", which requires that a person who becomes a teacher must obtain at least one of seven recognized qualification certificates. 1The National Education Work Conference in June, 1999 clearly stated that comprehensive colleges and universities and non-normal colleges and universities should be encouraged to participate in the training of primary and secondary school teachers. Since then, comprehensive universities have begun to try to run normal education, and normal universities have also set up higher vocational majors, moving closer to comprehensive universities. In this way, the teacher education in China has moved from an independent system to an open comprehensive system.
Advantages and problems of teacher education in comprehensive colleges and normal colleges (1) Advantages and problems of teacher training in comprehensive colleges and universities
1. Advantages of holding teacher education in comprehensive universities.
First, there are many disciplines and rich educational resources, which is conducive to improving the comprehensive quality of normal students; Second, the high academic level is conducive to improving the scientific research ability and innovation ability of normal students; Third, teachers are relatively strong, which is conducive to providing new growth points for the development of teacher education; Fourth, it has strong internal adjustment function and great flexibility in organizing teacher education, and can adjust the specialty setting and school scale according to the changes of social needs; Fifth, the social reputation of universities is conducive to attracting outstanding students and improving the quality of teachers' education. (4) Comprehensive universities have unique advantages in subject foundation, knowledge background and academic atmosphere, which is conducive to the cultivation of compound teachers, scientific research teachers and some special professional teachers.
2. Problems in teacher education in comprehensive universities.
First, comprehensive colleges have no experience in teacher training. Teachers' professional characteristics determine their quality and restrict their training. Teachers' work is both scientific and artistic. The scientific nature of education requires teachers to master the necessary knowledge and skills, and the knowledge structure of teachers should be capitalized? t？ Types, that is, in terms of professional knowledge, should be refined and deep, and in terms of other cultural knowledge, should be broad and broad. The artistry of education needs teachers' talent, inspiration and creativity. Education is the art of liberation, discovery and inspiration. Teachers need to emancipate every student's mind, discover every student's bright spot, and stimulate every student's learning motivation and creative desire. At present, comprehensive universities lack full-time teachers with professional training, practical experience and educational skills.
Second, comprehensive colleges pay insufficient attention to teacher education. What is the original intention of the reform of comprehensive universities developed through merger? How many key disciplines, key laboratories, doctoral programs and master programs should be built to improve the school's running level and comprehensive ranking in the country? ⑤ Some local comprehensive colleges, upgraded from normal colleges, blindly develop higher vocational majors because of inaccurate positioning or quick success. Not only does the number of higher vocational majors exceed that of normal majors, but the curriculum arrangement of normal majors not only does not retain or highlight the original normal characteristics, but also compresses the required courses of normal education. In this way, these institutions not only failed to inherit the fine tradition of normal education, but also lost their original advantages in running schools and the competitiveness of teacher education specialty in the diversified competition pattern. Third, comprehensive universities are in a dilemma in enrolling and graduating students.
Generally speaking, the students in comprehensive universities are still relatively good. Candidates who can reach the admission score of comprehensive universities generally do not apply for normal majors, and the status of normal majors in comprehensive universities will not be as high as other majors. In this way, on the one hand, the normal students in comprehensive universities will hold their heads up because of their low status, on the other hand, they will pretend to be comprehensive college students and are unwilling to be teachers. Therefore, although comprehensive colleges and universities began to run normal majors, they still. Difficult to fundamentally change? Second rate? Middle school graduates are reported to normal universities. Second rate? What is the basic situation of normal graduates and primary and secondary school teachers? ⑦。
(B) the advantages and problems of teacher education in normal universities under the current multi-competition pattern
1. Advantages of Normal University in Teacher Education. First, the deep foundation accumulated in normal education for many years is the core competitiveness of normal universities in the pattern of multi-competition; Second, the close combination with basic education is the foundation of normal colleges; Third, there are professional teachers, which is a strong guarantee for teacher education in normal universities.
2. Problems in teacher education in normal universities.
First, although most normal colleges continue to maintain or develop the characteristics of teacher education and set up corresponding higher vocational majors according to social needs, some normal colleges have lost their way in the tide of reform and blindly developed higher vocational majors at the expense of their original advantages, resulting in confusion in target positioning, loss of characteristics, loss of advantages, decline in the competitiveness of normal students and weakening of the competitiveness of higher vocational students. This is mainly manifested in the weak curriculum that can reflect the professional characteristics of teachers. In addition to all kinds of outdated related knowledge systems and compressed courses, leaders at all levels also focus on the construction and development of higher vocational majors, ignoring teachers' excellent professional courses, resulting in the slack of teacher education courses from top to bottom. ? An important sign to test the success of comprehensive development of normal universities should be whether the status of teacher education and education disciplines is more consolidated, whether the level of educational research and policy service ability are improved, whether the trained teachers and disciplinary talents are recognized by the society, whether the academic strength and reputation of running schools are improved, and whether the leading and exemplary role of national and local teacher education and the development of normal universities is brought into play. ? Therefore, in the process of transforming into a comprehensive university, normal universities should not sacrifice their original advantages, but should consolidate their original position in teacher education and education disciplines, make their own characteristics more prominent through discipline integration and concept innovation, and thus improve their competitiveness in a pluralistic pattern.
Second, the education reform in normal universities lags behind that in primary and secondary schools.
The innovation of educational ideas in normal universities can't keep pace with the reform of primary and secondary education. Normal universities train teachers for primary and secondary schools and serve basic education, which is the compass and vane of primary and secondary education reform. However, as far as the current situation is concerned, the educational philosophy and training objectives of normal universities can not well adapt to the educational reality of primary and secondary schools. After normal university graduates really enter primary and secondary schools? There is no obvious advantage in educational philosophy? Pet-name ruby This is mainly because of normal universities? Teachers' educational ideas and concepts, students' quality education, education evaluation, education management and how to guide students' learning? ⑩ Inadequate setting makes the graduates of normal colleges face the reality of primary and secondary education, and cannot show their due advantages in educational ideas and concepts under the new educational situation. Third, the teaching practice in normal universities exists in name only. Educational practice is the only way for teachers, a key link in the transition from students to teachers, and a powerful guarantee for educational theory to be tested in practice. However, at present, the educational practice in normal universities is in name only, and it can't really play a practical role. Some students don't even have a chance to stand on the platform, let alone apply educational theory to practice through practice, let alone improve educational skills through practice.
Third, strategies to promote the development of teacher education (1) Improve the status and treatment of teachers.
Lenin believes that improving teachers' status and material treatment is an important factor in building teachers' team and improving the whole social and cultural level. He once pointed out that without improving the status of people's teachers, there can be no culture, neither proletarian culture nor bourgeois culture. ? Therefore, he stressed? It is impossible and impossible to raise the people's teachers in our country to an unprecedented lofty position in bourgeois society? .
In modern society, with the rapid development of science and technology, people are increasingly aware of the importance of cultivating talents for economic development. Therefore, we should attach importance to education and teachers, improve teachers' treatment and living conditions, so as to attract high-quality talents to engage in education, thus improving the quality of the whole people, realizing national prosperity and making the country rich and strong. Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out in his speech at the National Conference on Education from April 6, 438 to April 9, 978: Not only students should respect teachers, but also the whole society should respect teachers. ? In recent years, the status and treatment of teachers in China have improved. Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan (20 10? In 2020), the exposure draft clearly stated in the content of funding guarantee that in 20 12, the proportion of national fiscal education expenditure to GDP will reach 4%, and teachers' salaries can be higher than those of civil servants. It can be seen that with the development of society, the role of education and the status of teachers are paid more and more attention, and teacher education will be improved accordingly with the improvement of teachers' status. When the treatment of teachers is really higher than that of civil servants, will the teaching profession attract a large number of high-quality students and will it be fundamentally changed? Second rate? Middle school graduates are reported to normal universities. Second rate? What is the basic situation of normal graduates and primary and secondary school teachers? .
(2) Strictly implement the teacher qualification system.
Teacher qualification is the most basic requirement of the state for the personnel engaged in education and teaching, which stipulates the necessary conditions for teachers' work. Since 1993, China has successively promulgated the Teachers Law, the Regulations on Teachers' Qualifications and the Measures for the Implementation of the Regulations on Teachers' Qualifications, and gradually formed a complete policy system, laying a foundation for ensuring the quality of teachers. Generally speaking, the teacher qualification examination is divided into two steps: one is the examination of teachers' necessary knowledge such as pedagogy, educational psychology, Putonghua, etc. After passing the above three examinations, they will participate in lectures, trial lectures, physical examinations, etc. Teachers' qualification is the requirement for teachers to engage in educational work and the minimum standard of teachers' quality. The work of teachers is related to the rise and fall of the country, to the overall quality of the whole people, and even to the future development of mankind. Ensuring the quality of teachers is to ensure the future of mankind. Therefore, the teacher qualification system should be strictly implemented and further improved to ensure the quality of teachers.
(c) Comprehensive colleges and normal universities should learn from each other's strong points in teacher education and jointly develop the specialty of teacher education.
1. Renew the educational concept, improve the specialty setting and strengthen the ability training.
In the new era of teacher education from closed to open, all kinds of teacher training institutions should take the new educational concept as the guide, optimize and integrate courses, enrich and update the knowledge structure, and improve and improve the ability training. Knowledge and ability are the basic requirements for teachers. In ancient times, only? Learn to be rich in five cars, outstanding people? In order to become a qualified teacher, modern society develops more rapidly, knowledge surges, information explodes and innovation continues, which puts higher demands on teachers' knowledge. In the past, teachers wanted to give students a glass of water and a bucket of water, thinking that teaching was the process of instilling their stored knowledge into students.
Now, this statement is no longer appropriate. Teachers' teaching is not indoctrination, but inspiration. Knowledge is not passed from teachers to students, but the key to the treasure house of knowledge is given to students to guide them to explore and discover themselves. In this process, teachers must have a steady stream of running water, which puts higher demands on teachers' knowledge. Never too old to learn? . Therefore, all kinds of teacher education schools and institutions need to update their concepts, enrich and improve their knowledge structure, and pay attention to the cultivation of students' learning ability. If knowledge is the premise of becoming a qualified teacher, then ability is the guarantee of becoming a qualified teacher. Teachers need multiple abilities, especially in today's society. Professional teachers need to have all kinds of abilities in order to successfully complete teaching tasks. Therefore, teacher education schools or institutions need to improve students' ability by cultivating their teaching ability, organization and management ability, language expression ability, educational research ability and pioneering and innovative ability.
2. Implement and strengthen educational practice activities.
To provide students with a practical platform, through the guidance and help of teachers, to truly improve the ability of educational practice, while providing students with opportunities to learn from each other. Strengthen students' sense of responsibility and moral cultivation, emancipate students' minds, broaden students' horizons, strengthen students' educational beliefs, stimulate students' educational enthusiasm, correct students' attitudes, make full preparations for students to take up their jobs in the future, lay a solid foundation for future education and provide a strong guarantee for social development.
[Notes]
① ③ Tang Caibo. Selected Works of Liao Shicheng's Education [M]. Beijing: People's Education Press, 1992:453453.
② Sun Peiqing. History of education in China [M]. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 2002: 337.
5 Yan Yan. Predicament and transcendence of teacher education in non-normal colleges? Summary of the First Annual Meeting of the National Teachers' Education Cooperation Association in Non-normal Colleges [J]. Teacher Education Research, 2005 (4): 76,76.
⑥ Shiou. Opportunity or Crisis: Several Practical Problems in Current Normal Education [J]. Research on Higher Normal Education, 1999 (5): 10.
⑦ Chen Yongming. Research on teacher education [M]. Shanghai East China Normal University Press 2002: 52.
Zhong Binglin. On the Development of Normal University and the Reform of Teacher Education? Take the reform exploration of Beijing Normal University as an example [J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Science Edition) 20 10 (1): 6.
Pet-name ruby Geng Xiawen and Feng Chunming. Comparison of the teaching status of graduates from comprehensive colleges and normal colleges [J]. Education Review, 2004 (2 1): 2 1.
Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin Works Compilation Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. Complete Works of Lenin (Volume 4) [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1984:677678.
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