Plato Plato (English translation: Plato Greek: π λ τ ν) (about 427- 347 BC) is not only the ancient Greek philosophy, but also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the whole western philosophy and even the whole western culture. Plato was born in Athens and studied under Socrates when he was young. After Sue's death, she traveled around the world and engaged in political activities in Egypt, Asia Minor and southern Italy in an attempt to realize her noble political ideal. After the failure of his activities in 387 BC, he fled back to Athens, established a college near a gymnasium called Agal College, and taught there for 40 years until his death. He wrote a lot in his life, and his teaching thoughts were mainly concentrated in the Republic and the Law. Plato is the founder of western objective idealism, and his philosophical system is extensive and profound, which has a great influence on his teaching thought. Plato believes that the world consists of "the world of ideas" and "the world of phenomena". The conceptual world is real and eternal, and the real world that human senses come into contact with is only a faint shadow of the conceptual world, which is composed of phenomena, and each phenomenon presents temporary changes due to factors such as time and space. Based on this, Plato put forward the epistemology of idealism and memory as the philosophical basis of his teaching theory. Plato believes that all human knowledge comes from talent, and it exists in human soul in a potential way. Therefore, understanding is not the feeling of the world material, but the memory of the conceptual world. The purpose of teaching is to restore people's inherent knowledge. The teaching process is the process of "recalling" ideas. In teaching, Plato attached great importance to the understanding of universality and generality, especially to the cultivation of students' thinking ability, and believed that concepts and truth were the products of pure thinking. At the same time, he believes that students can recall the conceptual world through the shadow of the conceptual world in the phenomenal world, and acknowledge the stimulating effect of feeling in cognition. He particularly emphasized the role of early education and environment in children. It is believed that the things that children come into contact with in childhood have a permanent influence on him, and the teaching process should arouse students' memory through the perceptual inspiration of specific things and reproduce the inherent conceptual knowledge in the soul through reflection and thinking. In this respect, Plato's teaching knowledge is a kind of transcendentalism. Plato's teaching system is pyramidal. In order to develop rationality, he set up a comprehensive and rich curriculum system. He divided students into several age stages according to their psychological characteristics and gave them different teaching subjects. Children aged 3-6 engage in stories, games, singing and other activities on the playground. After the age of 6, children enter primary schools to receive primary courses. In terms of teaching content, Plato accepted Athens' educational thought of exercising with gymnastics and cultivating harmonious development of mind with music, arranged simple reading, writing, calculation and singing for children, and also attached great importance to gymnastics and other sports training projects. 17 A 20-year-old young man went to China Everbright to receive military education, and studied cultural subjects in combination with military needs, mainly arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. 20-30 years old, after strict selection, 10 years of science education, focusing on developing young people's thinking ability, continuing to learn "four subjects" and understanding the relationship between natural sciences. After I was 30 years old, I studied philosophy for five years after further choice. At this point, Plato's relatively complete pyramid teaching system has been formed. Bertrand absorbed and developed the "three arts" of the wise and the military physical education curriculum in Sparta according to his teaching purpose, and also summarized the teaching practice experience in Athens. He first put forward "four subjects" (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) in the history of education, and then it became the backbone and guiding source of the ancient Greek curriculum system, dominating European secondary and higher education 1500 years. Plato believes that every subject has its unique function, and all learning will contribute to the development of character. /kloc-before the age of 0/7, the extensive and comprehensive subject content is to cultivate the general literacy of citizens, and for future philosophers, the above subjects are essential knowledge preparation for learning dialectics. Grammar and rhetoric are the basis of learning philosophy; Arithmetic is to train people's analytical ability and thinking ability: learning geometry and astronomy is very important for sailing, marching, observing the climate and exploring the universe; Learning music is to cultivate soldiers' courage and noble moral sentiments. At the same time, he also attaches great importance to the selection and purification of various teaching materials, such as language, stories, myths, epics and so on. So as to meet the moral requirements and promote children's mental development. As far as teaching methods are concerned, Plato followed Socrates' question and answer method, and regarded the process of recalling existing knowledge as a process of teaching and inspiration. He opposed to instilling knowledge by force, and advocated asking questions in the form of questions and answers, exposing contradictions, then analyzing, summarizing, synthesizing and judging, and finally drawing a conclusion. Rational training is the main feature of Plato's teaching thought. In the teaching process, Plato always takes the development of students' thinking ability as the ultimate goal. In the Republic, he used the words "reflection" and "meditation" many times, and thought that only through reflection and meditation can the knowledge about rationality be truly integrated, thus drawing inferences from one another. The function of feeling is limited to the understanding of phenomena and cannot be a tool to acquire ideas. Therefore, teachers must guide students to unify their thinking, combine learning with thinking, reach from one idea to another, and finally return to the idea. Teachers should be good at enlightening, inspiring and inducing students to enter this realm, so that they can "suddenly be enlightened" and enjoy "rational joy" after "thinking hard". Plato's teaching thought involves almost all the important methods in the field of teaching. He was the first to define the basic division of psychology and make it closely related to teaching. He inherited and developed Sparta's teaching theory of dividing teaching stages according to age characteristics, summarized and adopted Athens' experience in the specific content, form, methods and means of teaching, and put forward a comprehensive and harmonious curriculum system. He attached great importance to the development of students' thinking ability in teaching and emphasized the discussion of the nature of things, which had great influence and enlightenment on later educators. However, Plato exaggerated the significance of rational development in teaching. The teaching process that he advocates to know through recollection and meditation reflects his idealistic tendency in knowing knowledge. In particular, his thought of absolutizing and isolating reason and opposing feeling and reason became the theoretical basis of dogmatic teaching method of medieval scholasticism. In Plato's life, it is generally speculated that Plato's birth year should be 427 BC or 428 BC in May or 65438+February (like other early western philosophers, his birth date is still unknown). Plato was born into a wealthy aristocratic family. His father is Ali Si Tong and his mother is Periken. He is the fourth child in the family. His family claimed to be a descendant of the ancient king of Athens, and he was also the nephew of Chrittia, a famous politician in Athens at that time, but the relationship between them is still controversial. According to Diogenēs Laertius, Plato's original name was Stals, and later he was called Plato because of his strong body (in Greek, the word Platus means "flat and broad"). However, Diogenes also made other suggestions. Pratut's name may also come from his fluent eloquence or because he has a broad forehead. Because of Plato's excellent learning ability and other talents, the ancient Greeks also praised him as the son of Apollo, and said that when Plato was a baby, bees stayed on his lips, which made his eloquence so sweet and smooth. In 399 BC, Socrates was tried and sentenced to death. Plato was completely disappointed with the existing regime, so he began to travel around Italy, Sicily, Egypt, Cyrene and other places for knowledge. At the age of 40 (about 387 BC), he returned to Athens after a trip and founded his own school, Academie, in the holy city of Akkadmi, a northwest suburb outside Athens. Academie became one of the earliest well-organized institutions of higher learning in western civilization, hence its name as the later academic institution, and it was also the predecessor of the developed universities in the Middle Ages. Akkadmi is named after its location, which used to be the residence of the legendary Greek hero demos. The college existed for more than 900 years until it was closed by Justinian the Great in 529 AD. The college is greatly influenced by Pythagoras, and its curriculum is similar to the traditional topics of Pythagoras school, including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics. It is said that Plato erected a monument at the entrance of the academy: "Those who don't know geometry are not allowed to enter". The college has trained many intellectuals, the most outstanding of which is Aristotle. In addition to Homer, Plato was also influenced by many writers and thinkers before this, including the concept of "harmony" put forward by Pythagoras, and Anaxagoras's teaching that Socrates should take mind or reason as the basis for judging anything; Parmenides's theory of connecting everything may also have influenced Plato's concept of soul. Plato's main work Plato is quick-thinking, well-read and rich in writings. There are more than 40 works handed down in his name, 13. Plato's main philosophical thoughts are recorded in the form of dialogue. In Plato's dialogues, there are many dialogues in the name of Socrates, so it is difficult to distinguish Socrates' thoughts from Plato's. After painstaking and meticulous textual research by later scholars, 24 letters and 4 letters were confirmed as original works, mainly including the defense of Epicurus, Socrates, Cleopatra, Fayedo II, Ketilas, Thaddeus, Wisdom, Politician III, parmenides, Filipas and so on.

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