The basic structure of personality
Freud believed that personality or human spirit is mainly divided into three basic parts, namely ID, ego and superego. Freud divided people's motives into hunger, thirst, sleep and sex. Among them, sexual desire is dominant (ID). However, the ID is often restricted by realistic conditions such as morality, social regulations (superego), depressed and unable to escape, and seeks satisfaction through dreams, aphasia and other forms. Freud believes that if a person has had some traumatic events before and caused psychological problems, as long as he can consciously repeat them and balance ID, ego and superego, the problem will be solved.
dream
Freud believed that "dreams are the realization of desires that cannot be realized and suppressed in reality". He boldly believes that most of these unfulfilled and repressed wishes are related to "sex". Dreams are a subconscious activity. Because people's self-defense mechanism inhibits people's id desire, the main content of the suppressed desire in subconscious activities is not directly expressed in dreams, but appears as a symbol in a distorted form, so dreams are symbolic. Freud believed that dreams consist of "obvious dream content" and "potential dream thought". The former is the superficial form of dreams, like a distorted and disguised "password" to express hidden dreams. Freud believed that dreams can satisfy the inner desires of sleepers; The other is the survival mechanism of sleepers, who protect themselves by reliving the pain of life in their dreams.
Unconscious (subconscious)
Freud's greatest contribution to the contemporary ideological trend is probably his concept of dynamic subconscious. /kloc-the mainstream trend of thought in the west in the 0 th and 9 th centuries is positivism, which holds that people can gain a true understanding of themselves and the environment and master it with wise judgment. Friedrich believes that free will is an illusion, people can't fully realize what they think, and the reason of behavior has little to do with what they think at the level of consciousness. The reason why the concept of the subconscious is broken and established lies in freund's theory of consciousness hierarchy, and there are other ideas operating "under the surface". Freud called dreams "the king's way to the subconscious", which provides the best way to enter the subconscious life and is a good example to illustrate the "logic" of the subconscious, which is different from the ideological logic of the conscious level. In The Interpretation of Dreams, Friedrich developed the original psychological topology, demonstrated the existence of the subconscious, and described how to communicate with the subconscious. Pre-consciousness is considered as a layer of thought between consciousness and subconscious, which is not difficult to explore. Freudianism believes that the perfection of enlightenment, positivism and rationalism is achieved through the understanding, transformation and control of the subconscious, rather than denial or suppression.
Psychological development
Main projects: sexual psychological development
Freud believed that the development of individual primitive desire, as shown by the concept of sublimation, is the continuous transformation of the object. People are naturally "polymorphic and perverse", and any object may be the source of pleasure. With the different stages of development, people will cling to a specific object of desire-the oral stage (such as the baby's breast-feeding pleasure), followed by the anal stage (such as the child's bowel control pleasure), and then the penis stage. Children will then experience the period when sexual desire is fixed on their mother, which is the so-called Oedipus complex, but the taboo nature of desire must be suppressed-the less well-known Oedipus complex is that sexual desire is fixed on their father.
Freudians hope that this model can be applied anywhere, so he turns to classical myths and contemporary ethnography as comparative materials. Freud's Oedipus Complex, formerly known as Oedipus Complex, was taken from King Oedipus by Sophocles, a famous Greek tragic writer. Freund said, "I found love for my mother and jealousy for my father in myself. Now I think this is a phenomenon where children exist everywhere. " Freund tried to implement this development model at the level of psychodynamics. Each stage is a process of adult sexual maturity, which will produce a solid self and develop the ability to delay the satisfaction of desire. (see three articles on sex). Freud regarded Oedipus' conflict as the type of sexual psychological development and enlightenment, and pointed out that he believed that human nature longed for incest and it was necessary to restrain this desire. He also turned to cultural anthropology to study totem worship, thinking that this worship was conducted in a ritual way, reflecting the Oedipus conflict of tribal model.
Any discussion of Freud's thought is incomplete without touching its far-reaching influence and constant controversy, and the topic of female role and psychological level can not be called complete. Although Freud's theory was an early advocate of women's freedom and education (see Civilized Sexual Morality and Modern Tension), some feminists believe that Freud's view on women's sexual development only set back the progress of women in western culture for decades and moved closer to the ideology that men are superior to women. According to Freud's theory, women are disabled men, and they must learn to accept their own deformity (penile absence) and abide by imaginary physiological commandments. Based on this, he put forward terms such as penis worship and castration to describe women's psychology, which not only "enriched" the rhetoric of discrimination against women, but also damaged women's right to education before 1970, and increased the obstacles for women to enter the traditional social field dominated by men.
Although freund's argument has been questioned by people who care about women's equal rights, feminist theorists such as Juliette Bourque Mitchell, Nancy Chodoro, Jessica Benjamin, Jane Gallup and Jane Flex hold that psychoanalytic theory is different from feminist schemers. Another feminist, Shulamith Firestone, also believes that Freudian theory is still useful for the feminist movement. In his article Freudianism: Misguided Feminism, Freud's argument is basically correct, except for one important detail, the word "penis" written by Freud can be replaced by the word "power".
In addition, it is worth noting that Freudians thought that hysteria originated from sexual abuse in childhood earlier, but later abandoned this statement called seduction theory (see \ (sexual abuse index)). Frankly speaking, many cases have found that the memory of sexual assault in childhood does not come from facts. Freud turned to Oedipus theory and asserted that people subconsciously want to have sex with their parents.
Id, ego and superego
In his later works, Freud proposed that psychology can be divided into three parts: ego, superego and id. Subconscious id ("it" is "it" in Latin and "es" in German) stands for the original program of thought-we are the most original thoughts to meet needs; This word was coined by freund based on the works of Georg Grodike. The superego ("überich" in German) belongs to the subconscious, represents the conscience produced by society, and reacts to the id with moral and ethical thoughts. Most of the conscious ego (ich) exists between primitive needs and moral/ethical beliefs, which is a balance. A healthy self has the ability to adapt to reality and interact with the outside world in a way that accommodates the id and superego. The argument that the mind is not a single homogeneous thing still has a lasting and far-reaching influence on people outside the field of psychology. Freudians pay great attention to the dynamic relationship between these three spiritual parts, especially how they conflict with each other.
Defense mechanism
Freud believed that ego would use defense mechanism to solve the conflict between superego and id. Using this mechanism requires eros, which is the name of the Greek god of love; It's called Cupid in Roman mythology. If used properly, the defense mechanism can slow down the conflict between superego and id, but if overused or overused, it will cause anxiety or guilt, and eventually lead to psychological imbalance such as depression. Anna Floyd, Freund's daughter, has made outstanding research in the field of defense mechanism, but she owes the glory of creating defense mechanism to her father. There are several defense mechanisms: denial, reaction formation, replacement, suppression/inhibition, projection, intellectualization, rationalization, compensation, sublimation and regression.
"Denial" is to avoid being aware of unpleasant facts or realities that threaten yourself. For example, a student receives a report card with poor grades, but tells himself that the grades are not important-some early researchers believe that Freud's "denial" is very similar to Nietzsche's concepts of "resentment" and "revaluation" which are classified as slaves or herd morality.
The direction of "reaction structure" is completely opposite to the subconscious's requirement for consciousness. For example, someone strongly hates a certain race, claiming that the reason is that the race is low and humble, but subconsciously, it is because he feels low and humble.
"Transfer" means that the mood changes from dangerous things to safe things. Like hitting a pillow to avoid attacking others.
"Repression" is subconsciously forcing extremely painful experiences (such as war trauma) away from the level of consciousness; "Suppression" means doing the same work consciously.
"Projection" refers to projecting some unpleasant thoughts, motives, desires or emotions that are basically part of oneself onto others or other things. For example, A doesn't like B, but A doesn't want to admit it, so she projects her feelings on B and says B doesn't like him or her.
"Intellectualization" is an event that frees oneself from pressure emotionally. Rationalization usually means self-separation through rational explanation rather than accepting reality.
Rationalization is to make a decision by constructing the legitimacy of logic, and this decision was originally formed by other mental states completely different from rationalization. For example, A bought an MP3 player to listen to a self-growth course, but he told his friends that he bought the player to listen to classical rock because he was afraid that he could not make an appointment for real reasons.
"Compensation" means that one behavior cannot be realized and is replaced by another behavior. For example, the first child is good at reading, and the second child may often amuse his parents to gain attention.
"Sublimation" is the behavior of guiding impulse to social identity. For example, Emily Dickinson, a poetess who describes her life with dark and gloomy poems, is an example of her creative activities.
Life and death drive
Freud believed that human beings are driven by two conflicting central desires: primitive desire, energy, love desire and death drive. Freud's so-called love/original desire contains all creativity and the driving force to produce life. Death drive (or death instinct) represents the internal impulse of all living things, wanting to return to a calm state, or even finally returning to no longer exist. Freud didn't realize the driving force of death until his later years. The contrast between these two driving forces represents a great revolution in Freud's ideological style.
Religious psychology
Freud explained the origin of religion in different works. Totems and Taboos suggests that human beings began to gather in the form of "primitive tribes". This polygamous combination includes a man, many women and their children. According to Iverson's psychoanalysis, it is a common phenomenon that boys have sexual desire for their mothers in the early life. Father has the ability to protect the tribe, so men admire him very much, but at the same time they are jealous of him because of his relationship with other mothers. The sons knew that they could not defeat the leader's father alone, so they killed him together and ate him in the form of a sacrificial feast, so as to integrate their father's terrible power into themselves. However, the sons' guilt later strengthened their memory of their father and worshipped him. Therefore, the superego replaces the father and forms the source of internalized authority. As a result, incest and marriage taboos appeared in the tribe, and symbolic animal sacrifice (sacrifice) was used to replace the sacrifice and slaughter of the living.
Moses and monotheism reconstructs the history of the Bible according to Freud's theory. But biblical scholars and historians do not accept it because it is inconsistent with the existing credible historical materials. Freud's thought was further developed in an illusory future. When talking about religion as an illusion, Freud emphasized that it is an absurd structure, and people must break away from this structure if they want to grow into maturity. Freund's handling of the subconscious is biased towards atheism.
psychotherapy
Freud was a doctor, so he was convinced that his research and achievements were scientific products. However, his colleagues and later psychologists and scholars criticized his research and practice. Some, like Juliette Bourque? 6? Juliet Mitchell and others put forward that the reason is that Freud's basic argument-that is, subconscious fears and desires start our thoughts and behaviors at the level of consciousness-challenges the view that the world itself belongs to universality and objectivity. Some people who support science think that this theory invalidates Freund's theory and makes it a way to explain human behavior. Others who support Freud's theory believe that this theory invalidates science and makes it a way to explain human behavior. Today's psychoanalysis still maintains the same ambiguous relationship with medicine and college that Freud experienced before his death.
Psychotherapists who try to treat mental illness today are related to Freudian psychoanalysis in different ways. Some therapists modify Freund's orientation and develop various psychodynamic models and treatment processes. Others reject Freund's psychological model, but adapt to some parts of his therapy, especially those who rely on the patient's speech as a form of treatment. Psychiatrists have received medical training, but like doctors in Freund's era, most of them reject Freund's theory of mind, and do not pay attention to speech during treatment, but rely on activating psychoactive drugs.
Freund's theory of mind is still controversial today, and many psychiatrists in important colleges and research fields think that he is just a doctor. But there are other heavyweights in this field who agree with the core of Freudian theory. Mental disorder is often regarded as a pure brain disease, which is basically a genetic disease. This view emphasizes the physiological composition of mental illness. Freud believed that most mental disorders originated from the combination of physiological components and environmental factors, and which is more important varies from person to person.
philosophy
Regardless of the value of psychoanalysis as a philosophical form, Freud introduced the following three concepts, which broke with the previous western philosophy.
He created a model of psychological procedure, which broke Descartes' thought of self. For Freud, the process of thought generation is a direct reflection beyond the subject. From a historical point of view, the analysis of Marx's ideology is earlier than Freud's, but the latter takes the fuzziness of subjectivity as the root. After the two, the goal of human practice and the thought used to rationalize it are nothing more than Freud's sexual psychological history and Marx's social class function.
Freud investigated the "rationality" found in dreams, slips of the tongue, mental symptoms and mental patients' construction of words, which seemed completely incomprehensible, unreasonable and meaningless. On the other hand, he found "irrationality" (such as purely arbitrary and weird elements) in the clearly understood "rationality" materials such as work activities, political philosophy and standard social behavior.
Freud introduced innovative speech skills from speech therapy, which made people relieve depression by indirectly revealing subconscious contents. The reverse procedure of psychoanalysis course shows how individuals subconsciously form various problems they encounter according to the logic of symbol compression and emotional transfer.
Critical response
Freud's sexual psychological development model has been criticized a lot. Some people attack Freudian argument that children are sexual creatures (which also affects Freudian concept of sex). Although others accept Freud's concept of sex, they think that this development model is not universal and is not necessary for the development of healthy adults. They also emphasize the importance of social and environmental factors, and think that we should pay attention to the social dynamic factors (such as class relations) ignored by Freud. This thought of criticizing Freud was deeply influenced by Marcuse's works.
Others criticized Freud's attitude of rejecting positivism. Karl popper, a philosopher of science, constructed a set of methods to distinguish science from non-science. He believes that all reasonable scientific theories have the possibility of proving them false. If a theory cannot be false, it cannot be called scientific. Pope pointed out that Freud's psychological theory can always be "confirmed" because no behavior can prove its falsity. Although scientists generally accept Popper's method of distinguishing science from non-science, there are still disputes in the fields of philosophy of science and general philosophy. Academic psychology usually only distinguishes between "theory" and "hypothesis". The former is too abstract to prove its falsity, while the latter comes from theory, but it may be verified by research.
Behaviorism, evolutionary psychology and cognitive psychology all regard psychoanalysis as pseudoscience and reject it. Humanistic psychology insists on treating people with psychoanalysis, which is both harsh and incorrect. Other schools of psychology constructed alternative psychotherapy methods, including behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy and people-centered psychotherapy.