In the face of disaster, we must learn to be strong!

We know very well that there have been many crises in the world since ancient times: meteorite impact, flood, plague and war ... human beings are facing challenges again and again. Yield or fight? Silence or awakening? A flood can take countless lives, and an earthquake can destroy our homes. But these can't make us lose our courage and yearning for the future.

While we feel sorry for the dead in the Wenchuan earthquake and admire the tenacious rescue actions of the broad masses of soldiers and civilians, we should also think deeply: although disasters are always sudden, among the most factors that human beings face death threats, the number of sudden disaster deaths ranks in the top five, but it is undoubtedly the most important to master some basic knowledge and skills to deal with sudden disasters and teach them to everyone around us, especially children.

According to the survey, there are roughly the following types of accidental injuries. The number of people who died immediately due to injuries is less than 1/3, and these people have already suffered a fatal blow before waking up. But more people are just in a life-threatening state of injury, without self-help or other rescue conditions, which eventually leads to death; Or they were not injured, but failed to escape in time, causing casualties again due to serious injuries. Therefore, when people encounter an emergency, if they can understand some common sense of disaster emergency and self-help, maintain a good mental state, take self-help actions in time or escape from the scene, they can often be rescued or escape from the clutches of death!

The nine natural disasters you may encounter are all urgent. What should you do with them?

1 seismic response

Due to the constant movement of the earth and its internal materials, great force is generated, which leads to the fracture or dislocation of underground rock layers and the formation of earthquakes. In China, the intensity is divided into 12 degrees, and the impact and damage of earthquakes with different intensities are generally as follows: less than 3 degrees, people have no feeling, only instruments have a response; In the middle of the night, people will feel; 4 ~ 5 degrees chandelier slightly shaking; Six degrees of utensils will fall down and the house will be slightly damaged; Houses of seven to eight degrees will be damaged and cracks will appear on the ground; Buildings of nine to ten degrees collapsed; Eleven to twelve degrees can cause devastating damage.

[example]

1960 during the Chile earthquake, the biggest shaking lasted for 3 minutes. The first disaster caused by the earthquake was the destruction of houses and buildings, causing human and animal casualties.

1The Tangshan earthquake on July 28th, 976 was a tragic page in the world earthquake history. Its intensity is equivalent to the sudden explosion of 400 Hiroshima atomic bombs in the earth's crust, which is 0/6 km away from the ground. This city with a population of one million was razed to the ground in an instant. The Tangshan earthquake caused 240,000 deaths, 6.5438+0.6 million serious injuries and direct economic losses of more than 65.438+0 billion yuan.

[Emergency measures]

Don't panic in an earthquake. The average time from when people feel the vibration to when buildings are destroyed is only 12 seconds. In this short time, we should make a quick choice according to the environment to ensure safety. If you live in a bungalow, you should quickly run to the open space outside the door and protect your head with quilts, pillows and helmets. If it is a building, don't jump off the building. Turn off the switch and gas immediately, and avoid narrow spaces such as bathrooms, kitchens, storage rooms, or load-bearing walls (pay attention to avoid external walls). Evacuate quickly after the earthquake to prevent strong aftershocks.

● Find a hiding place in a public place first. Schools, shops, theaters and other places where people gather should avoid panic if they encounter an earthquake. After the earthquake, they should immediately hide under tables, chairs or solid objects and evacuate in an orderly manner. Don't rush to the exit, pay attention to avoid hanging objects such as chandeliers, electric fans and air conditioners, as well as glass doors and windows, windows and tall shelves where heavy objects are placed in shops.

● Stay away from dangerous areas. If you encounter an earthquake in the street, cover your head with your hands and quickly get away from the building and go to the center of the street. If you encounter an earthquake in the suburbs, you should pay attention to stay away from cliffs, steep slopes, river banks and high-voltage lines. Moving cars and trains should stop at once.

● Bury and save strength. If you are unfortunately buried under the rubble after the earthquake, try to stay calm and try to save yourself. When you can't get out of danger, you should save your strength, try your best to find water and food, create living conditions, and wait patiently for help.

[Pre-earthquake omen, animals]

Animals have precursors before earthquakes and report any anomalies.

Cattle, horses, mules and sheep don't enter the circle, and pigs don't eat dogs and bite people.

Ducks don't go into the water and make noise on the shore, but chickens fly up the tree and scream loudly.

The snake got out of the hole in the ice and snow, and the mouse moved away stupidly.

The rabbit jumped and bumped, and the fish jumped in panic.

The bees moved and the pigeons flew back to their nests in fear.

2 Respond to lightning

In the thunderstorm season, there are often strong lights and sounds, which is the common lightning. When the charged Lei Yun is close to the protrusions on the ground, a violent discharge will occur between them. Because of Lei Yun's high voltage, high electricity, short discharge time and large discharge current, lightning has great electric energy, which can heat the nearby air to over 2000℃. When air is heated, it expands rapidly, producing an explosion shock wave, which propagates in the air at a speed of 5000 m/s and eventually decays into sound waves. Although the discharge action time is short, it poses a great threat to towering buildings and sharp objects in buildings, isolated objects in open areas, especially wet buildings, buildings with metal roofs and metal equipment placed in the open air, which may cause accidents such as collapse and fire.

[example]

June 5438 +2007 10, a local female college student in Malaysia was struck by lightning while answering a cell phone under an umbrella. She was immediately taken to the hospital for emergency treatment, but in the end she was helpless. It happened at 3 pm on Thursday, when the sky was thundering and lightning, and I was studying at Sarawak University in Malaysia.

Cai, a 23-year-old female student, walked back to the dormitory after class and took an umbrella with two friends to avoid the rain. At this moment, her cell phone rang. When she picked up the phone, she was struck by lightning. All three fell to the ground, with severe chest burns. She was certified dead shortly after being taken to the hospital.

[place of occurrence]

● Towering or isolated buildings, or houses with lightning protection equipment but poor equipment; The metal roof is not well grounded; Buildings, trees, etc. In wet areas;

● Chimneys on buildings, places with radio antennas but no lightning rods and no good grounding;

● Buildings with damp interior; Volatile aboveground oil storage tanks have no lightning protection device or poor grounding;

● Lightning strikes on flat roofs mostly occur at the four corners, and sloping roofs are generally struck by lightning on the gable of the roof. [Emergency measures]

● During a thunderstorm, people should not get close to high-voltage distribution rooms, high-voltage wires and isolated tall buildings, chimneys, poles, trees and flagpoles. Don't stand on an empty highland or under a big tree.

● Umbrellas that cannot support metal columns. Do not use metal tools, such as crowbars, when working in the suburbs or in the open air.

● Don't wear wet clothes near or stand on metal objects stacked in the open air.

Topic 1 emergency self-help education is the top priority!

"If an earthquake happened and you only had time to pick up one thing, what would you choose?" This is a topic discussed by teachers and students in the "safety education" class of an ordinary primary school in Beijing. According to a science teacher with many years of teaching experience, children's choices are very diverse. Most of them choose money, mobile phones and food, but few people choose the key answer of "water".

According to the survey, in Beijing's primary and secondary education, safety education mostly focuses on traffic safety and accidental injuries. Although the prevention, self-rescue and drills of disasters such as fires and earthquakes have been carried out, most of them are superficial. In addition, there are not many places to carry out safety education in this city-the only place to reveal and experience is the Public Safety Museum in Haidian. Except for the fifth-grade primary school students in Haidian District, there is no relevant requirement in other districts and counties. At the same time, the textbook of "Safety Education Course" is not a comprehensive textbook for disaster explanation, enlightenment and emergency self-help, but only some pamphlets are distributed from time to time to introduce and explain only one aspect of safety problems.

Therefore, the science teacher believes that in the education of natural disasters, the education of primary and secondary schools still needs to be further strengthened. Here, she also specially recommended the book "Emergency Guide for Citizens' Public Safety" compiled by China Disaster Prevention Association, which comprehensively introduced the emergency measures for safety prevention in more than ten aspects of life, such as natural disasters, accidental injuries and traffic accidents.

Topic 2: Family first aid kit should be popularized!

Due to irresistible disasters such as snowstorm, flood, hurricane, tornado and earthquake, we don't know when it will come, and our property and even life will be seriously threatened, which is worse than locust source, fans, flags, thieves and thieves. Two hours of memory live. In Europe and the United States and other countries, this has become the common sense of disaster self-help.

Therefore, the concept of family first aid kit should be popularized, and the "disaster self-help kit" should at least include four items: dry battery radio, flashlight, dry battery and commonly used drugs (aspirin, painkillers, antidiarrheal drugs, etc.). ). In addition, non-perishable canned food, three-day canned water, suitable clothes, blankets, mobile phones, family information, books, games and other items can also be loaded, and insurance accounts and bank accounts can also be loaded.

Practice has proved that this kind of preparation for sudden disasters is of great value to disaster self-help. In view of this, the "disaster self-help package" and the concept of disaster self-help behind it need to be popularized in China as soon as possible. In this way, in the event of an irresistible disaster, our life and life can be guaranteed in the most basic way.

3 Dealing with fire

Catastrophic events such as loss of life and property caused by uncontrolled fires are called fires. Among all kinds of disasters, fire is one of the most frequent and common major disasters that threaten public safety and social development. The causes of fire include: lightning strike, spontaneous combustion, careless use of open flame and improper use of gas or electrical appliances. In the 1980s, the average annual fire loss was less than 320 million yuan. Since 1990s, especially since 1993, the direct property losses caused by fires have risen to more than one billion yuan every year, and more than 2,000 people die every year.

[example]

1 On May 6, 1987, a serious fire broke out in Daxinganling area of Heilongjiang Province, China, with a fire area of110,000 hectares, including 650,000 hectares of forest, which burned 750,000 cubic meters of wood stored in the timber yard, resulting in a direct economic loss of about 500 million yuan.

[place of occurrence]

Fire is easy to happen in dry season, and fire is high in spring and winter. There are three kinds of fire sources that are easy to cause fire:

1. Open flame: such as stoves, lamps, welding fires, lighters, cigarette butts, chimneys, sparks generated by impact or friction, red-hot heating wires and iron blocks, and heaters of various household electric heaters developed in recent years. 2. Spark: Electric sparks and electrostatic sparks generated by electrical equipment such as electrical switches, motors, transformers, etc. can cause flammable gases and loose and fine flammable substances to catch fire. 3. Lightning fire: Instantaneous high-voltage discharge can cause the combustion of any combustible substance.

[Emergency measures]

If you find the first fire, you should immediately call the police for help and call119; At the same time, take measures to put out the fire and save yourself.

home fire

● Quickly judge the fire source.

● Cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel and leave quickly with your back to the fireworks.

● You need to open the door when you escape, and check the door handle before opening the door. If the door handle is very hot, don't open the door, escape from the window instead, or wait for help at the window; If the door handle is not hot, open the door slowly, and make sure whether the fire and smoke block the way out-if they block the way out, close the door immediately and look for other escape routes; If you don't block the way out, run away immediately and close the passing door.

When the smoke is thick, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel, lower your body, keep your hands, elbows and knees close to the ground, and crawl along the wall to escape.

● When it is necessary to pass through the flame zone, first wet clothes or wrap your head and body with wet quilts and blankets, and run quickly.

● When the escape route is cut off and no one rescues in a short time, the doors and windows facing the fire should be closed, the door crack should be blocked with wet towels and wet cloth, and the door should be soaked with water to prevent the fireworks from invading.

● If the alcohol hot pot suddenly catches fire when adding alcohol, never blow it with your mouth. You can cover the fire with a cup cover or a small dish.

Fire in common places (such as hotels, cinemas, shopping malls, etc. )

● When staying in hotels, guesthouses or going to cinemas and supermarkets, you should pay special attention to the fire escape routes provided by service providers, or you should know the location of safety exits yourself, and pay attention to the signs of safety doors or emergency exits.

● When the first fire is found, the fire fighting equipment in the floor should be used to put it out in time.

Keep a clear head and don't panic and shout.

● When the fire spreads, cover your nose and mouth with clothes, lower your body posture, take a shallow breath, and evacuate to the safety exit quickly and orderly.

When there is no escape, you should be close to the balcony or window, close the doors and windows to meet the fire, and call for help.

● Use the descending device, life-saving bag and emergency escape rope set in the balcony, refuge floor and indoor of the building to escape, or use sheets and tablecloths to form a firm rope, tie it to the window railing and slide along the rope to a safe floor.

4 cope with the snowstorm

Flying snow is no longer a fairy tale world, and the disasters it brings make unprepared people (especially those who have no experience in dealing with extreme weather in southern areas and towns) unprepared. In the sudden freezing weather, the ice on the road is hard and slippery, and high-voltage power lines form icicles after freezing, and even houses are frozen into Eskimo igloos. Railway interruption, flight grounding and freezing of high-voltage lines lead to water and power outages.

[example]

At 65438 hours on October 26, 2008/KLOC-0, the third large-scale continuous rain and snow weather hit southern China again. It is understood that this snowstorm is the worst in China in 50 years.

When the storm and snow came, it was just before the Spring Festival. Beijing-Guangzhou and Shanghai-Kunming railways were blocked due to power failure. Nearly 20,000 kilometers of "five vertical and seven horizontal" trunk lines such as Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway were paralyzed, and 220,000 kilometers of ordinary highway traffic was blocked. 14 the civil aviation airport was forced to close, and a large number of flights were cancelled or delayed, resulting in millions of returning passengers stranded in stations, airports and along railways and highways. Direct economic loss due to disaster1516.5 million yuan.

[Emergency measures]

● Keep your clothes warm. Cold-proof clothing has high warmth value, is convenient to carry, can prevent wind and water, and is an ideal cold-proof appliance. It is very important to keep clothes ventilated. Don't wear clothes too tightly, which will not only make people feel warm, but also make people feel cold and uncomfortable. Wearing a thick coat is not as good as wearing several layers of thin clothes, which has more air layers and better insulation effect. Keep clothes dry. Wet or sweaty clothes should be dried in time, and the ice and snow on the clothes should be shaken off in time.

● Avoid cold air at the feet. Be sure to keep your feet warm in the snow and ice disaster weather. Shoes should be made of breathable materials, such as canvas and leather. Wear rubber shoes, your feet are easy to get frostbite after sweating. Hard and tight shoes hinder the blood circulation of the feet and are easy to get frostbite. When the toes feel numb, you can do stepping exercise to promote blood circulation. It is best to wear cotton socks for socks, because nylon stockings doesn't absorb moisture, so don't wrinkle your socks to avoid hurting your feet and keep them dry.

● Avoid strong winds. Sudden cold wave and "cold air" can make the temperature drop by more than 10 degrees. Moreover, the increase of wind speed is often accompanied by rainfall and snowfall. In order to prevent hypothermia and frostbite, we must try to keep our body temperature. First of all, we should avoid strong winds, because every time the wind speed increases 1 m, the temperature will drop 1℃. Secondly, we should prevent getting wet, which will take away more heat. In case you get wet, you can use newspapers, maps, etc. Tuck them into your back and waist to help absorb water.

● Keep warm. You must prevent clothes from getting wet, take off some clothes before sweating, and put on clothes immediately after stopping activities. You can't sit directly on the ground when you are resting. You should put some leaves, hay or books on it. To prevent frostbite, you can also apply soap or talcum powder to your ankles and heels, keep your hands and feet warm in your backpack, put some peppers in your gloves and socks, and apply some chilblain cream.

● Regular massage. Try to reduce the exposed parts of the skin, and exercise or massage frequently for the parts that are prone to frostbite. Avoid contact with objects with fast heat conduction. For example, contact between metal and bare hands or snow and buttocks will accelerate heat loss and cause local frostbite. When hypothermia gets worse, it is difficult for the body to heat itself, so it must be heated from the outside. If heated rapidly outside the body, cold blood will flow into the body, further aggravating the condition. A hot body can be placed in the following parts: back, stomach, armpit, back neck, wrist and crotch. The blood flow in these parts is close to the body surface, which can bring heat into the body.

● Replenish energy in time. You can drink some hot soup or sweet drinks, because sugar can provide heat energy. Never drink alcohol when it is cold. Although drinking alcohol will temporarily cause the feeling of body fever, in fact, alcohol will dilate blood vessels, increase body heat dissipation, and lead to physical weakness.

5 dealing with debris flow

In the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, the strong earthquake caused many landslides, coupled with heavy rains and frequent mudslides, which caused serious disasters and brought many difficulties to the earthquake relief work.

It is understood that the main hazards of debris flow are scouring, siltation, impact, abrasion and blockage. The fast-flowing debris flow, especially the boulder in it, has huge kinetic energy and can crash bridges, dams, houses and other buildings. Sediment in debris flow will seriously abrade the surface of drainage ditch and dam when passing through it. In addition, debris flow contains a lot of sediment, stones and even driftwood, which can easily block culverts and bridges, form overflow and diversion, and cause disasters. When the debris flow in the tributary ditch is large, it may also block the main channel and form a dammed lake, which will raise the water level in the upper reaches of the main channel and flood the banks. Once the dammed lake breaks, it will cause even greater disaster.

According to historical records, Sichuan is a region with frequent mudslides. For example, 198 1 is a rainy year in Sichuan, and the rainfall in the northwest of the basin is concentrated in July and August, mostly in the form of heavy rain or torrential rain, resulting in the "817" catastrophic flood in Sichuan since the founding of New China. In a rainstorm in July of that year, 68,000 collapses, landslides and mudslides occurred in the mountainous area in the northwest of the basin 10 county. Debris flow activity obviously lags behind the period of seismic activity. For example, in the 1970s, earthquakes in Sichuan were active, and strong earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above occurred many times. It was not until 1980s that the debris flow disaster in Sichuan became the most serious period since the founding of New China. In addition,1On June 5, 1997, a catastrophic landslide occurred in Yue Le Township, meigu county, which turned into a mudslide, resulting in three deaths, 147 missing persons and direct economic loss of15.23 million yuan. On the morning of July 12, 2003 1, a massive mudslide occurred in Qiongshangou, Bati Township, Danba County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, causing 5/KLOC-0 people to disappear and die.

[Emergency Measures] After an earthquake, secondary disasters often occur, and mudslides, landslides and landslides are common secondary disasters. If it is not handled properly, it may lead to the deterioration of the situation and new injuries. Then, what should we do when mudslides, landslides and landslides occur?

According to seismologists, if there is a mudslide, landslide or landslide around you, don't panic, and quickly squat down under a hard big stone, because the big stone will block the gravel rolling down the mountain and won't get hurt. Or hide in the dense forest, because the gravel will slow down when it falls into the tree, so the damage will be reduced. In addition, it is to find a way out of danger. If you are unfortunately injured and can't find a good way to get out of danger, you should try your best to save your strength and don't move, so as not to dislocate your bones and affect the next treatment. The most practical method is to hit the object that can make a sound with a stone and send out a distress signal. Don't cry, don't be impatient, don't act blindly, it will consume a lot of energy and physical strength. Try to control your emotions or close your eyes and rest, waiting for rescuers to arrive. If you encounter people injured by mudslides, landslides and landslides, you should first fix the injured parts to avoid shaking. Secondly, try to dress it up to avoid excessive bleeding, and ask for help quickly.

Topic 3 Where is the shelter in Beijing?

If it weren't for the earthquake, I'm afraid few citizens would have noticed the six characters of "emergency shelter" on this green sign. On Monday, when the reporter came to Beijing Ming City Wall Ruins Park, several citizens were discussing the meaning of these six words.

A: "I have never noticed this brand before. When and how to use the emergency shelter? "

B: "There are so many people in Beijing that only a few people can adapt."

C retorted: "It seems that there is more than one refuge in Beijing, and there is one in the imperial city!"