Xiangshan was born in a vassal family in the Song Dynasty. In his early years, he was appreciated by the vassal Makita Yuji, and with his support, he studied the lower reaches of Edo. 1833, he studied Confucianism with Zhai Yi Sato. Because of the worship of Lu Jiuyuan, it was named "Xiangshan". Later, he turned to Lan Xue and advocated "harmony between soul and talent". 1839, Xiangshan opened Xiangshan Academy in Edo, from which Sheng Haizhou, Sakamoto Ryoma and Yoshida Shōin all came.
184 1 year, Makita was the shogunate senior high school, and Xiangshan was responsible for coastal defense. Xiangshan has studied eight coastal defense strategies for many years. 1853, Matthew Perry led the American Black Ship Fleet to forcibly open the Japanese gate. At this time, Xiangshan wrote "Ten Strategies of Current Politics" and wrote a letter to the Shogunate, Old China and Abe Zhaohui. 1854, Xiangshan was arrested and imprisoned for Yoshida Shōin plotting to go to the United States by boat.
1862, Xiangshan was released from prison and was ordered to go to Beijing to meet Tokugawa Jiamao, the shogunate general, and advocated the combination of military and civilian and the founding of the country. July 1 1 day (August/February) was assassinated by Yan Zhai, an assassin of the anti-foreign faction.
The highest official position in Xiangshan is Shu Zhizhu, so it is often called "Xiu", and he is the author of Provincial Records and Xiangshan Poetry. Later generations compiled five volumes of "Updating the Complete Works of Xiangshan".
Fukuzawa Yukichi (183565438+1October19065438+February 3), a famous thinker and educator during the Meiji period in Japan, was the first president of Tokyo Bachelor's College. As the founder of Keio University, a famous private university in Japan, he was listed as one of the six great educators in Meiji. His portrait is printed on the front of Japanese bank notes D, 10000 yen (the largest denomination, 1984 -2004) and E, 10000 yen (used since 2004). think
A bust of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Fukuzawa Yukichi, located in front of the old library in Tami Campus of Keio University, mainly works against the identity system in feudal society. He attacked the tyranny and oppression in feudal times. Fukuzawa's attack on feudal autocracy and his affirmation of freedom and equality can be seen in the first sentence of the first article of his book "Persuasion", even if "Heaven does not create man above man, and Heaven does not create man below man". In the subsequent "Persuasion", he advocated modern ideas such as equality between men and women and freedom of marriage. In addition, he also absorbed the western social contract theory and proposed to make the power of the people and the government relatively balanced. This theory of balance of power embodies Fukuzawa's unique political idea and reflects that he did not completely copy the western political theory. In addition, Fukuzawa emphasized in his book Persuasion that "one's freedom and independence are related to the freedom and independence of the country". To achieve personal freedom and independence, we must have modern scientific knowledge such as mathematics, geography, physics and history. Fukuzawa Yukichi's representative language is "independent self-esteem", which became his name after his death. Fukuzawa was undoubtedly one of the highest-level spiritual teachers during the Meiji Restoration. His representative works are 17 "Persuading to Learn", "Autobiography of a Rich Man" and "On Deprivation from Asia". In particular, "persuasion" was almost available in Japan at that time.
Theory of leaving Asia
Main project: breaking away from Asian theory
Fukuzawa Yukichi devoted his whole life to promoting western civilization and introducing western political system and corresponding values. He published a famous essay "On Leaving Asia" on current affairs news, and actively advocated that Japan should abandon China Thought and Confucian spirit and absorb and learn from western civilization after Meiji Restoration. Based on the idea of survival of the fittest, he believed that the eastern civilization would fail, so he called for breaking diplomatic relations with East Asian neighbors to prevent Japan from being regarded as a "barbaric" place like its neighbors by the West. He took a contemptuous attitude towards other countries in East Asia at that time. For example, he described the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 as a "war between civilization and barbarism". Think of the Korean dynasty? The Qing Dynasty was a "bad friend". Therefore, the theory of breaking away from Asia is also considered as a "dear John's letter" of Japanese ideological circles to Asia.
Fukuzawa Yukichi is not free from western civilization. It can be said that under the appearance of liberalism, what is always implemented is his nationalist thought. Since then, some people have criticized Fukuzawa as a racist who affirmed aggression. However, according to Hirayama's The Truth (Wen Chun's new book), in fact, this should be attributed to Ishikawa Gan Ming, the author of Biography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, the editor-in-chief of Current Affairs News and the editor-in-chief of Complete Works of Fukuzawa. According to Hirayama, although Fukuzawa criticized the governments of zhina (China) and North Korea, he did not belittle the nation itself. As for racial discrimination such as calling Qing soldiers "pigs", it is actually Shi He's statement that he forged his views into blessings and wrote them into the complete works. However, many people still question this view. However, according to the theory of breaking away from Asia, Fukuzawa actually thought that Japan and China were close neighbors at that time. The Japanese changed the old thatched house into a stone house, but China is still a thatched house. Therefore, Fukuzawa thinks that we should find a way to turn China into a stone house. Otherwise, the fire of thatched houses representing China will also affect Japan, which has been converted into stone houses. In order to represent the safety of Japanese houses, Japan should not hesitate to seize China and North Korea, which are still huts. Turn it into a stone house. In fact, Fukuzawa even funded the coup in North Korea at that time. However, no matter what Fukuzawa thought, Fukuzawa, as the spiritual mentor of Japan at that time, was also to blame for pushing Japan to the road of aggression. His views on Asia, especially his position as a spiritual mentor at that time, greatly influenced the psychology of Japanese people, and this ubiquitous view became the ideological root of Japanese atrocities in Asian countries in the future. In the eyes of some scholars, he is the basic designer of Japan's invasion of Asia and can be called "the first militaristic theorist in modern Japan". Fukuzawa's theory of "leaving Asia and entering Europe" is still affecting Japan's development, which can be said to be "the general root of the right-wing trend of Japanese politics today".
main work
Western affairs
Persuasive learning
々のをしへ
Outline of civilization theory
On mass civil rights
Popular theory of state power
People's feelings are completely new.
Overview of current affairs
Fu Weng's autobiography
Rich man Bai Hua
My dull theory
Ding Chou's public opinion
Okakura Tianjin (Japanese pen name: ぉかくら)
てんしん,1February 86314-191September 2, 3), a famous artist, art critic, art educator and thinker in Meiji period of Japan. Formerly known as Keizo Okakura. His younger brother is a British scientist, Yosaburo Okakura.
think
In his later years, Okakura traveled to India and China many times, and wrote books such as Oriental Ideal, Japan's Awakening and Tea Talk in the United States to promote the culture of the East, especially Japan, to the West. Unlike Fukuzawa Yukichi, the most famous Japanese thinker in Meiji period, who asked Japan to leave Asia, Okakura emphasized the integration of Asian cultures. Okakura wrote at the beginning of "Oriental Ideal": "Asia is one. Although the Himalayas are separated by two powerful civilizations, namely, the Chinese civilization with Confucius' collectivism as the core and the Indian civilization with Buddha's individualism as the core, the barrier of that snowy mountain has never stopped the Asian nation from pursuing the "ultimate universality" for a moment. It is this love that is the common ideological heritage of all Asian nations, enabling them to create all the important religions in the world. ..... Arabian chivalry, Persian poetry, China's ethics and Indian thoughts all tell the story of peace in ancient Asia. "Okakura abstracts Asian civilization as" love and peace ",and thinks that compared with this tradition in the East, modern western civilization, despite its material prosperity, has turned people into" slaves of mechanical habits ",and that western freedom only exists in material competition, not in human freedom.
Although Okakura regards Asian civilization as a whole, he believes that Japan should undertake the mission of "prospering Asia", even through war. His thought is an important source of the later theory of "Great Harmony" and the policy of "prospering Asia", taking aggression as reality.
work
Complete works of Okakura Tenjin
Dongfang ideality
Talking about tea
Supplement:
Toshiichi Kubo (ぉぉくぼ)
としみち,1August 8301May 878 14), born in Satsuma (now Kagoshima), was originally a warrior and became a politician during the Meiji Restoration.
Jaimu Longsheng (さぃごぅ)
たかもり,182865438+1October 23rd-1September 24th, 877), was a Samoan warrior, soldier and politician at the end of the Edo period in Japan. Formerly known as Xixiang Longyong, Longsheng is his father's name. He is called "the three pioneers of reform" together with Muhu Longji (Gui Xiaowulang) and Jiu Baojun.
Before the success of the rebellion, Saigō Takamori first supported the vassal's "military-civilian integration", and then advocated "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", but in fact it also cooperated with Britain and tried to introduce western technology. He played tricks in the curtain fall movement. After the establishment of the new government, he used the words of Chen Longchuan in the Song Dynasty to "tear down the wisdom and courage of his life,
Open the heart of the times "is the motto. He once wrote in his diary: Be like Sima Wengong (Sima Guang), never tell anyone anything, and strive to develop yourself in a completely selfless direction.
Saigō Takamori once said to Ryoma Sakamoto, "What you said the day before yesterday is different from what you said today. How can you win my trust? As a world celebrity, you must have a firm belief! " Sakamoto said, "That's not true. Confucius said that a gentleman follows the times. Time is passing, and the social situation is changing every day. Therefore, conforming to the trend of the times is the way of a gentleman! Xixiang, once you decide something, you want to carry it through. But if you do this, you will fall behind the times in the future. "
Saigō Takamori has always represented the interests of the lower samurai.
Xixiang has a clear distinction between likes and dislikes, is enthusiastic and sometimes takes unreasonable actions. Among the three outstanding figures in the Reform, Saigō Takamori was the most loved by the Japanese, but it ended in tragedy.
Chenghu Longji (Chenghu Longji)
たかよし; Also known as きどこぅぃん) (1833Aug11May 26th, 877) was a Japanese politician at the end of the curtain and the beginning of Meiji. During the Tokugawa shogunate, his real name was Guixiaogoro.
かつらこごろう) ; When he took part in the action to overthrow the shogunate, he used the pen name of Nobuyuki Matsusuke (Nobuyuki Matsusuke にぃぼりまつすけ).) and was called Fugitive Kogoro.
Hirofumi Ito (184 1 10, 16- 1909, 10,26), a modern Japanese politician, the first Japanese prime minister, a veteran of the Meiji Restoration and the most pro-Korean figure in Japan.
evaluate
Ito Bowen is a hero who made Japan step into a modern country and become one of the modern world powers. However, due to his consistent policy of external expansion, the evaluation of him at home and abroad is completely different. And ITO hirobumi's sexual orientation is also known to many people. He once wrote the chapter "Drunk in a beautiful woman's lap, wake up and control the world".
Emperor Gaozong of North Korea said: "Prince Ito Bowen, a great teacher, is full of heroism and has strategies to help the poor. Saving wealth, developing civilization, not afraid of merit and being responsible for bandits are the pillars of the East. Try to focus on peace and the overall situation, especially in the relationship between South Korea and Japan. I have traveled to and from our state over the years, helping the poor and helping the poor, specializing in promoting one. I am the superintendent stationed in Quexia, ready to join me at any time, and sincerely create the world and ascend to the position of a surname. It is extremely difficult to tutor me in the East Palace and get into Xue Rui school. Shao Ling's journey was accompanied by sightseeing, and I was exhausted. Following the trip to Liaoman, I am still eager to make progress, which has been relied on for a long time. If there is an accident, the bad news will come, and the earthquake is painful. Therefore, Taishi Ito died, and it was especially important that Prince Yi send him to the sacrificial ceremony for burial, which needs to be transported by the Imperial Palace and give him a special gift-Wenzhong. "
Yamagata Aritomo (1 838 June14 June-1922 February1), Japanese prime minister, general, marshal and veteran. The young man's famous interface, crazy interface, the owner of Chunshan villa. Changzhou Fan (now Shankou County) was born as a young warrior. It has great influence in the Japanese army and government. He is the father of the Japanese army. Opened the habit of Changzhou princes controlling the army.
Masayoshi Matsuzawa (1March 23rd, 835-1July 2nd, 924) was a politician, financial reformer and Japanese Prime Minister in Meiji period. Samoan warriors were born.
After the establishment of Meiji government, he served as finance minister and interior minister, carried out local tax reform, developed industry, sorted out paper money, implemented so-called Panasonic finance, established Japanese bank and exchange system, and formed a cabinet twice. 1900 was listed as a veteran, 1903 as a council advisor, and 19 17 as an internal minister.
Daishin (1838 March 1 1 Japan-1922 1 Japan) was a Japanese politician from the second half of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Born in Saga City, Saga Prefecture. Founder of Waseda University. He is the eighth and seventeenth prime minister of Japan.
Keitaro (1848 65438+1October 4-13 65438+1October 10), a native of Changzhou (now Shankou County), was appointed during the Japanese occupation period. 1908-1911year; 1912-1913) is one of the longest-serving prime ministers and elders in Japanese history. During his tenure, he concluded anglo-japanese alliance, launched the Russo-Japanese War, and planned to annex Korea.
Founder and first president of Taiwan Province Provincial Legislative Council School (now takushoku university).
Saionji Kinmochi (1849 65438+February 7-1940 65438+1October 24), Japanese prime minister, was a veteran of Japanese politics during the Meiji period and before the war, and was named Tao An. Tsinghua, a royal family. Gong Chun's second son, Tokudaiji, succeeded Cyangzhi. At the beginning of the 20th century, he and Keitaro became prime ministers alternately. A state funeral was held after his death.
My Supplement 2009- 10-09 22:29
Yoshida Shōin (Japanese: Yoshida Shōin; Pen name: よしだしょぅぃん; Roman word: Yoshida
shūin； Ming Jufang was born on August 4th in the first year of Tianbao (i.e.1September 20th, 830) and died on October 27th in 6 years (i.e. 18591October 27th). He is Japanese. He was listed as the spiritual leader and theoretical founder of Meiji Restoration.
Influence on Japan's foreign policy
Yoshida Shōin said in his "Quiet Room Library": "All heroes who set up the world and strive for the world must first have lofty aspirations, observe the current situation, assess the situation, prioritize, and set it at home first, let it go abroad, and Xu should be outside.
..... For today's plan, if we don't care about territory and strict treaties, we will dominate the two countries ("two countries" seems to mean Britain and the United States-
Introduction). Take the opportunity to cultivate Xiayi, collect Ryukyu, take Korea, pull Manchuria, crush zhina, and face India in order to make progress and consolidate the foundation of retreat. Then I tried my magic, but the rich countries failed. Take Manchuria to force Russia, North Korea to spy on Qing, and Zhou Nan to attack India. It is advisable to choose the easy one among the three, and do it first. This is a great cause that the world will inherit from generation to generation. "
After Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on the road of foreign aggression planned by Yoshida Shōin.
evaluate
Liang Qichao thought that Yoshida Shōin should take the lead in the Meiji Restoration, because most of the leading figures in the Meiji Restoration were junior warriors of male governors in southwest China, such as Satsuma and Changzhou, and Changzhou was the most influential among the governors. Most of them are students from Song Yin who give lectures there and are deeply influenced by Song Yin Thought.
Supplement:
North Ikki (1April 3, 883-1August19,0937) is a Japanese thinker, social activist, political philosopher, nationalist advocate and fascist theoretical thinker.
After taking part in the anti-Japanese tendency of the China Revolution and the May 4th Movement in the early stage, he wrote the Outline of the Japanese Reform Act in Shanghai, determined to transform Japan from the lower class and gained wide support. Finally, the 226 incident was formed. Killed by the Japanese government after the failed mutiny. However, because he advocated violence, the omnipotence of war and the rationality of small countries' external expansion, his thoughts became the source of Japanese fascism. His thoughts became the direct theoretical basis of Japanese foreign expansion, especially its invasion of China.
Today, many Japanese writers such as Yukio Mishima; Directors like Yoshishige Yoshida still miss his ideas.
1906, North Ikki wrote the first book "State System and Pure Socialism". The contents mainly include:
The book was banned as soon as it was published.
First, about the inevitability of socialism. Based on the theory of evolution, he speculated that the development of human society has gone through three stages, from ancient citizen countries and medieval parent countries to modern citizen countries and democratic countries. His own "pure" socialism is a new synthesis of medieval extreme collectivism and modern extreme individualism.
Second, the content of socialism. From the economic point of view, North China put forward that land and production institutions should be publicly owned and public management should be implemented. Laborers are free to choose their occupations and adopt conscription-style labor organizations. On the political level, apart from universal suffrage, North Korea has hardly touched on other issues.
Thirdly, based on his theory of social development, Nobukuro fully affirmed Japan's national system after the Meiji Restoration, thinking that it was a citizen country with sovereignty over all countries, that is, citizens in a broad sense. For such a country, the interests of all citizens and the whole country are the first, the national system is good, and citizens are equal in law.
Fourthly, regarding Japan in reality, North believes that the elders of Meiji Restoration abandoned the original intention of the revolution and made the upper classes such as big capitalists and big landlords control the state power. However, the proletariat, which accounts for the majority of the population, has fallen into the state of employing slaves or agricultural slaves, which has divided society and made Japan a class country. Therefore, the north advocates overthrowing the big capitalists and landlords, carrying out the second reform revolution, restoring the original appearance of society and realizing socialism. North called it "old-fashioned cocoon lifeism".
Fifth, the ultimate ideal of the northern ideological system is to establish a so-called communist society that combines production according to capacity and consumption on demand. But he also pointed out that there is competition because there are great differences among countries. Therefore, after a country realizes a citizen country, it can exercise its authority over other countries through the world revolution and establish a world federation.
Supplement:
Great Japanese thinker: North Ikki (whose thought eventually became a great war)
Kato Monday (Japanese collectivist culture, proposing "Japanese cultural hybridization theory")
Hiroyuki Kato ("the change of theory")
List of politicians
Pick up the cabinet
Xian Shigong (1857. 7. 22 Minister of Railways)
Guangjin Yongfu (1877 March 13, Minister of Extension Affairs, Minister of Health and Welfare)
Takeshi Sato (1882 65438+1October 30th, Speaker of the Senate, Minister of Foreign Affairs)
Peace in Matsuno (1883 65438+February 22nd Minister of Railways and Speaker of the Senate)
Koizumi Kazuhiko (1September 9, 884, Minister of Health and Welfare)
Takeo Ogata (1888 65438+130 October, Chief Cabinet Secretary)
Lin Rangji (1889 March 24th, Chief Cabinet Secretary, Minister of Health and Welfare)
Chongzong Xiongsan (1894 February 1 1, Minister of Transport, Speaker of the Senate)
Hotan Xiong Bo (1903 February 17, Minister of Agriculture and Forestry)
Ishiba Jiro (1Minister of Self-government on July 29th, 908)
Yasushi Yasushi (1911March 22nd, Minister of Autonomy, Speaker of the Senate)
Bunhei Hara (1965438+April 29, 2003, Minister of Environment, Speaker of the Senate)
Kimura Mutsuo (1965438+July 29, 2003 Minister of Communications, Speaker of the Senate)
Deyong Lizheng (1965438+August 25, 2003 Minister of Transport and Speaker of the Senate)
Osada Yuji (19 17 03 13, Minister of Science and Technology, Speaker of the Senate)
Masaaki Fujita (1922 65438+13 October, General Affairs Director of the Prime Minister's Office, Director of Okinawa Development Agency, Speaker of the Senate)
Nakayama Taro (1August 27, 924, Foreign Minister)
Tsuchiya Yoshihiko (1926 May 3 1, Director of the Ministry of Environment, Speaker of the Senate)
Tamisuke Watanuki (1April 30, 927, Director of the National Land Agency, Director of the Hokkaido Development Bureau, Director of the Okinawa Development Bureau, Minister of Construction, Speaker of the House of Representatives)
Miyashita Sohei (1927165438+1October 10, Chief of Defense Agency, Chief of Environment Agency, Minister of Health and Welfare)
Inoue Yutaka (1927165438+10/7, Minister of Education, Speaker of the Senate)
Torashima Kazuo (1928 65438+1Chief of the Defense Agency on October 6th)
Ono Akira (1928165438+10/3, Minister of Labor, Minister of Transportation)
Muraoka Kanezo (1931August 27th Minister of Labor and Minister of Transportation)
Inoue Yiyi (1932 65438+ 10/5, Minister of Post)
Kōji Omi (1932 07 14, Minister of Economic Planning, Minister of Finance)
Chikage Ogi (1935 May 10, Minister of Communications, Minister of Construction, Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Speaker of the Senate)
Yanagisawa Hakuo (1935 August 18 Minister of Land and Resources, Minister of Finance, Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare)
Yohei Kono (1937 65438+ 10/5, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of State, Chief Cabinet Secretary, Director of Science and Technology Department, Speaker of the House of Representatives)
Iraq preaches civilization (1938 65438+109, Minister of Labor, Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
Kuroda (1April 9, 938, Minister of Autonomy, State Public Security Commissioner, Speaker of the Senate)
Kaoru Yosano (August 22 1938, Minister of International Trade and Industry, Minister of Education, Chief Cabinet Secretary)
Saito Juro (1February 5, 940, Minister of Health and Welfare, Speaker of the Senate)
Taro Aso (1940 65438+1October 20th, Minister of Economic Planning, Minister of General Affairs, Minister of Foreign Affairs)
Jinen Nagase (194365438+1October 3rd Minister of Justice)
Hiroyuki Hosoda (June 5438+April 5, 0944, Chief Cabinet Secretary, Minister in charge of science and technology policy)
Kunio Hatoyama (1948 September 13, Minister of Education, Minister of Labor, Minister of Justice)
Suga Yoshihide (1948 65438+February 6th Minister of General Affairs)
Jiang Tianmei (1951May 22, Minister of Science and Technology, Speaker of the Senate)
Member of the house of representatives
Jotaro on the River (1889 65438+10.3)
Zhizhengxin (1902101October 1 1)
Ogawa Hajime (1 939 65438+1October1)
Fish live in Fan Ying (1940 February 1 1).
Zuo Shi Ogata (1947 65438+129 October)
Ogutong (195110/0/7 October)
Zhuoye Kazuo Hirai (1958 65438+1October 25th)
Senate member
Hiroshi Matsuhei (1877 April 17, Speaker of the Senate)
Mihachi Kawai (1877 65438+1October 24th, Speaker of the Senate)
Kenzo Kono (190 1 year, date unknown, Speaker of the Senate)
Masa hide ta( 1925, June 12)
Ikeda Yuanjiu (1940 65438+February 20)
Antonio Inoki (120 February 943)
Ichiro Tsuda (196365438+February 27th)
County governor
Kazuo Nakagawa (born in 1926, date unknown, governor of Osaka Prefecture)
Lords
Tokugawa Yoshida (1August 24, 863, President of the House of Lords)