First of all, after the address used in letters and speeches, it means to mention the following.
(1) Mr. Ju Qing:
I sent a letter last month to contact ... ("Wang Guowei to Liu Juqing")
(2) Students:
This July is the 20th anniversary of our graduation from middle school. It is suggested that a classmate party be held. ..... (Ren Xiang's speech at the reunion of old classmates)
Two, in the interview, debate, discussion, court trial and other records of the speech after indicating the name of the speaker, in order to lead to the content of the speech.
(1) Reporter: You two have been paying attention to Chinese teaching in middle schools. Please talk about how a middle school student learns Chinese well.
Qin Mu: To learn Chinese well, you must read more books, think more and think more. ……
Zifeng: In addition to reading textbooks, you must read after class. ..... ("Qin Mu Wu Zifeng answers a reporter's question")
(2) Zheng Fang Jinling: Please don't get me wrong. What I said is not suitable for tourism, not that it is not suitable for developing tourism.
Chloe Wang: I don't see any difference between these two questions. (1986 Asian University Debate Competition Finals)
Third, after the suggestive words, it means to mention the following.
Verbs such as "ask/answer, say, think, yes, just write, think, prove, instruct, point out, for example" can be added with colons to make them suggestive and lead to the object. For example:
(1) Q: What do you think is the most important issue in translation?
A: Everyone knows that translation is a report, not a creation, so the translator: (1) should know what the original author said; (2) Being able to accurately express the original intention in another language. ..... (Wang Zongyan's "Distinguishing Meaning as the Basis of Translation")
(2) Shakespeare said: "Books are the nourishment of the whole world." (Ye Wenling, "My longevity fruit")
(3) He thought to himself: This girl is fully qualified to be an excellent singer, and I almost made a mistake! (What is a second interview? )
(4) Generally speaking, the most common fault of works is that there are too many characters and the story is not strong. (Lao She's characters, language and others)
(5) I deeply understand that if I hadn't read hundreds of real novels, I would never have written those 800 words. (Ye Wenling, "My longevity fruit")
(6) It can be seen that this view shows that people create the environment, and the same environment creates people. (Marx and Engels "Feuerbach")
In the example, the colon is added after Q/A, Say, Think, Yes, Understand and Show. If you don't emphasize the prompt function of these verbs, you can mostly use commas instead of colons. For example:
(7) My friend was a little embarrassed to explain that when I bought this big house, my children were still at school and now they are married. (Xiao Gan's "Jujube Stone")
I think this is the true face of the sky. (Sun Sun's "Yun Fu")
Unfortunately, I have never been to Xiongguan, which is quite close to Beijing. (Jun Qing's "Xiongguan Fu")
(10) Now I understand why all the old people in the town come to sit in the classroom. (The Last Lesson by Dude)
A large number of facts show that environmental pollution has become a public hazard. (Yu Yongquan, "Creating a Good Environment for Mankind —— Introduction to Environmental Science")
How to use colon and "namely" together needs special explanation. "namely" is equivalent to "just (yes)". Colons can be used after the word "that is" and lead to the following, but not for the word "that is". For example:
(12) The quality standard of the finished product book is divided into two grades, namely, qualified products and unqualified products. (Provisions of the General Administration of Press and Publication on Book Quality Management)
*( 13) This kind of human social activity has a series of unique professional characteristics: universality and particularity, theoretical thinking and artistic behavior.
*( 14) The quality problem of publications is mainly reflected in "three more and one less", that is, there are many mediocre people and few innovators; There are many people patchwork together, but few people are self-contained; There are many people who are shoddy and few people who are elaborate.
The example (12) uses a comma before the word "namely" and a colon after it to show the following. If you don't emphasize the prompt, you can omit the colon after the word "that is". Example (13) The colon before the word "namely" can be changed to a comma. If the colon is retained, the word "namely" should be deleted, because the colon means to mention the following, and adding "namely" means that the prompt will be repeated. For example (14), a colon should be added after the word "namely", because the coordinate clauses after the semicolon are not separated by colons, and the structural relationship of the whole sentence is disordered.
*( 15) The research topic covers a wide range of fields, such as the nature, characteristics, social functions, editorial management and editorial team of editing activities.
*( 16) Ancient poems include many different genres, such as Hunting Watch by Wang Wei and Spring Tour in Qiantang by Bai Juyi, all of which have strict metrical rules and belong to metrical poems; Du Fu's "Li Shihao" has a very wide meter, which is called ancient style (ancient poetry).
The usage of "Ru" is similar to that of "namely". For example, the colon before (15) "Ru" should be changed to a comma, and if the colon is retained, the word "ru" should be deleted. For example (16) and (14), a colon should be added after the word "such as".
Fourth, it is used after the general discourse to lead to the argument.
(1) We generally teach six basic sciences: astronomy, geoscience, biology, mathematics, physics and chemistry. (Qian Xuesen's Basic Science in Modern Natural Science)
(2) Generally speaking, cultural products with good quality should meet the following standards: politically advanced; High knowledge, academic and artistic; Higher text quality and printing and binding quality; Distinctive characteristics and styles. (Publishing Science 1999/ 1)
(3) There are two sources of facts and evidence: one is what I saw with my own eyes, and the other is what I heard from others. (Gu Jiegang's doubts and knowledge)
(4) The Examination Committee has two opinions on Chen Yiling: one thinks that Chen Yiling's voice is unstable and difficult to create; The other thinks she can try again. (What is a second interview? )
(5) In singing, she [Guo] found her own unique style, that is, the use of (1) breath. With the method of breathing abdomen, the bass is solid, the alto is pure, and the treble is loud and beautiful. (2) accurate articulation and strong penetration. Without a microphone, she can send every word to the last row of the theater. (3) Fashion ... Breathing in frustration, changeable and skilled. (Press and Publication 1999438+0.6438+09)
Example (1) "Six Basic Sciences" is the general statement, and the sub-statements are comma-separated juxtaposition words. Example (2) "Standard" is a general statement, and clauses are parallel phrases separated by semicolons, and semicolons can also be changed into commas. Example (3) "There are two sources" is the total sentence, and the clause is a comma-separated parallel clause. Example (4) "Two opinions" are general statements, and the sub-statements are parallel clauses separated by semicolons, because semicolons already contain commas. Example (5) "One's own unique style" is a sentence group composed of complex sentences, which are arranged in order to make readers know the scope of the main points.
Fifth, before using it in general discourse, summarize the above contents.
(1) Zhang Hua was admitted to Peking University and studied in the Department of Chemistry; Ping Li entered a secondary technical school, majoring in mechanical manufacturing; I work as a shop assistant in a department store: we all have a bright future. (1996 punctuation usage)
(2) He knows how the dew is sprinkled on the grass leaves and how sweet the dew is; He knows how the stars blink and the moon smiles. He knows how quiet the fields are at night, and how flowers and trees sleep soundly; He knows how bugs look at me, how I look for you, and how butterflies fall in love: in short, he knows everything about the evening. (Ye Shengtao's Scarecrow)
(3) Like a person coming from afar. At first, we only saw whether he was wearing a long coat or a short coat, and then we saw whether he was fat or thin, and then we saw whether he had a square face or a round face. Finally, we saw his eyebrows, even his voice and smile: at this time, we saw everything about him. (Mao Dun talks about the characters and structure of the Water Margin)
Example (1) "We are all", (2) "Anyway" and (3) "Du" indicate that the words after the colon are general, and the words before the colon-above-are general.
Six, used after the words that need to be explained, means that the following is an explanation.
(1) The first Guangxi (Guilin) Book Fair will be held grandly.
Organizer: Guangxi Press and Publication Bureau
Guilin Municipal People's Government
Book Fair Time: 1 998101October15.
Venue of the book fair: Guilin Gymnasium (Press 1998.09.29)
(2) Life has taught me about bridges: buildings crossing the river cannot do without water. (Liu Jinghua Overpass)
(3) Today's sincere person: mail two packages of books and a pile of scattered manuscripts, and keep them as prayers. (Wang Li vs Yang Shuda)
The colon in the example (1) means that the text behind explains the previous item, and spaces can also be used instead of colons here. Example (2) The text after the colon explains the former object "bridge". Example (3) The clause after the colon explains the preceding clause, not the preceding sentence elements.
Seven, separate the author and the name of the work.
Xu Shen: "Explaining Chinese Characters by Speaking Literatures ..." (Provisions on the Use of Numbers in Publications)
Eight, separate the subject words and explanations in the topic.
(1) Development Direction of Agriculture in China: Developing Ecological Agriculture (Xinhua Digest 1996/3)
(2) Information consumption: a new trend of modern society (Guangming Daily 1998.5.6438+08)
(3) Fan Changjiang: the first person to report the Long March of the Red Army (Xinhua Digest 1997/2).
(4) Sweden: High taxes maintain high welfare (Global Times 1998.4.26)
(5) Zhou Enlai's Early Years: A Charming Masterpiece (Xinhua Digest 1996/8).
(Selected from Lin Suifang's Research and Application of Punctuation, People's Publishing House, 2000)