The Taoist thought in Laozi and Zhuangzi has a far-reaching influence on China culture and has become an important supplement to the mainstream Confucianism in ancient times. Laozi handed down a classic "Tao Te Ching", and Zhuangzi handed down a masterpiece called "Zhuangzi".
Zhuangzi (369 BC-286 BC). During the Warring States Period, the name of Zhejiazhuang was Zhou. Han nationality, Song (now Shangqiu, Henan Province, northeast of Mengcheng County, Anhui Province). I am a painter in Mongolia. Zhuangzi was a great thinker, philosopher and writer in the pre-Qin period. He was originally from Chu, a descendant of Wang, and later moved to Song due to the war. He is the main founder of Taoism. Together with Laozi, the ancestor of Taoism, they are called "Laozi and Zhuangzi", and their philosophical thoughts are respected as "Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy" by the ideological and academic circles, but their literary talent is better than Laozi's. Many versions of Zhuangzi's representative works, such as Wandering Away and The Theory of Everything, have been interpreted by later generations. Zhuangzi advocated "harmony between man and nature" and "governing by doing nothing".
Zhuangzi.
There are thirty-three articles in Zhuangzi, which are divided into three parts: internal, external and miscellaneous. It is generally believed that seven inner chapters must be written by Zhuangzi, and fifteen outer chapters are generally believed to be written by Zhuangzi's disciples, or written by Zhuangzi in cooperation with his disciples, which reflects Zhuangzi's true thoughts. The situation of Eleven Essays is complicated, and it should be written by Zhuangzi School or later scholars. Some of them are considered to be absolutely not all the thoughts of Zhuangzi School, such as "stealing feet" and "saying swords". On Wuqi, Wandering around and Masterpiece are the most concentrated expressions of Zhuangzi's philosophy in Neipian.
2. Translation of classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese in Yuyuan Garden;
Yu Garden, located in Wulipu, Guazhou Wharf, was built by wealthy people in Wu. You can't get in unless the dignitaries hand in their famous brands. Uncle Baosheng, as a friend of Guazhou, took me to Yuyuan Garden, and the owner of Yuyuan Garden warmly welcomed us. There is nothing strange about this garden except the rockery made of stones.
There is a two-foot-high stone slope in front of the lobby, so people can't get up. Peony and peony are planted along the slope, and some pine trees are planted on the slope, because the scenery here is so strange.
The back hall is near the big pond, where the peaks are steep and steep. People walk at the bottom of the pond and look up at the lotus flowers in the pond as if they were in the sky. Strange because of the ethereal scenery here. Outside the railing of the bedroom, there is a deep valley descending from Qifeng, which seems to be wrapped in snail shells. It's strange because the scenery is dark and deep.
Then there is the Shuige, which is as long as a boat and spans the river. The Shuige is surrounded by dense bushes. Can you hear birds singing? The sound is like being in a wild forest and deep mountains, and I am very happy to sit in it and enjoy the green scenery in the distance.
Many garden pavilions in Guazhou are famous for rockeries. These rockeries are born out of natural rocks, artificially piled and nurtured by their owners. There is no regret in putting such a rockery in the garden.
Now there is a king's garden, and the transportation cost of stones for building this garden is as high as 40 thousand to 50 thousand silver. People are most concerned about the stone called "Feilai" Peak. This rockery makes Wang Garden gloomy and muddy and can only be reviled.
I saw a white stone thrown on the ground, one foot high and two feet wide. It looked fat and stupid. Another black stone, eight feet wide and five feet high, looks hard and very thin. It is enough to get these two stones, which can save 20-30 thousand taels of silver. Why don't I collect these two stones and protect them from generation to generation?
Extended data:
Yuyuan is an essay by Zhang Dai, a writer in Ming Dynasty, which is selected from Tao Anmeng.
Zhang Dai (1597- 1689) was born in a bureaucratic family. His family is very rich. When he was young, he traveled around and had a wide range of knowledge. He often spent his spare time in various arts. His life can be described as comfortable and colorful.
After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Dai refused to work in the Qing court, and became a poor man from a rich boy with no worries about food and clothing. He lived in poverty and ended up writing books in the mountains. Zhang Dai is good at prose, and has written a lot in his life, including Lang Yong Ji, Tao An Meng, West Lake Dream, Night Sailing, Afterword of Stone Chamber, Four Books and so on.
From the writing intention, this paper mainly introduces the Schleswig in Yu Garden and its distant artistic conception, and praises the superb artistic attainments of the builders of the garden rockery.
Whether it is writing a two-foot-high stone slope, it highlights its "realism"; Or write "strange peaks and strange valleys" piled in the big pond next to the back hall, highlighting its "grotesque sense of space"; Or write a ravine that looks like a snail's snail shell spiraling down, highlighting its "shadows and ghosts."
The author's purpose is to highlight the characteristics of the garden, that is, "thunder in the middle". The author also talks about many garden pavilions in Guazhou because of the garden. Like gardens, these pavilions are also famous for their wonderful rockeries, which are built on the basis of natural rocks.
It is "conceived in stone", and it is not enough to have natural stone as a blueprint. This requires a pair of skillful hands of Schleswig. Therefore, some people say "stretch in Schleswig's hand". No matter how clever the hand of the "stone lifter" is, it must also be carefully conceived by the owner. When the master carefully conceived, the rockery was born, just like the birth of a child or a man or a woman. This rockery is majestic or beautiful.
This not only wrote the whole process of rockery architecture, but also praised the skillful craftsman's hands and the superb artistic conception of the gardener.
From the perspective of language characteristics, the language in this paper is elegant and colloquial, very vivid and vivid. For example, the word "bush" in "bush around" indicates the state that bushes cover the ground. Another example is the popular metaphor "The gully spirals down like a snail", which vividly describes the shape of the gully spiraling down from Schleswig.
Sogou encyclopedia-yuyuan
Once upon a time, there were two men, a father and a son, who lived in the mountains and lived by running an orchard.
Later, after his father fell ill, his son didn't work hard, and the orchard was gradually abandoned and overgrown with weeds. Until one day, when the father was seriously ill and dying, he called his son to his side and told him, "There is gold buried in the orchard."
With that, he died. When the son finished dealing with his father, he went to the orchard to dig three feet. He found nothing and was very confused.
Seeing that the orchard had been turned over, I thought, "Fertilize it first and look for it next year." Then, the son began to work: weeding and fertilizing, taking care of the fruit trees in every possible way. In this way, day after day, in autumn, the vines are covered with "purple agates" and the apple trees are covered with "rubies", which is really a bumper harvest. My son took these harvested fruits to the market and sold them for a lot of gold.
Only then did my son understand his father's words. Since then, his son has stopped being lazy, worked hard and lived happily all his life.
4. The original text of Yu Garden classical Chinese is circulated in Wulipu, Guazhou, and it is rich in Wuyuan.
If you don't show it, you can't take out the door key. Uncle Baosheng knows Guazhou, and the rest is with him, and the owners pay for it everywhere.
There is nothing strange in the garden, but it is strange in Schleswig. The stone slope in the front hall is two feet high, and several pine trees are planted on it. Peony and peony are planted on the slope, and no one is allowed to go on it.
The back hall is close to the big pool, where the peaks are steep and steep. People go to the bottom of the pool and look up at the lotus, but they are in the sky and marvel at it. Outside the threshold of the bedroom, a valley spins down like a snail, which looks deep and strange in the shadow.
There is another water pavilion, which is as long as a boat, separated by a small river, surrounded by bushes and birds singing like deep mountains and forests, sitting in it, it looks green and graceful. The pavilions in Guazhou are all marked by rockeries. Born in a stone, pregnant in the hands of a stone, both men and women are thinking about their masters. As for the garden, there is no regret.
(A real Roy, the cost of cutting this stone is as high as 40,000 to 50,000. The most meaningful is the "flying" peak, which is muddy and reviled. I saw it abandoned a white stone in the ground, one foot high and two feet wide, silly. A black stone, eight feet wide and five feet high, is thin and wonderfully thin.
It is enough to get these two stones, and save 20 thousand to 30 thousand to collect his son and mother. How can these two stones be kept for the world? ) Translation and Notes [Yu Garden is spread in Wuli, Guazhou, and Fu is also in Wuyuan. Yuyuan Garden stopped at Wulipu in Guazhou, which was built by a rich man named Wu Yu.
Guazhou: Town name. Steps: The boat stops at the water's edge.
Garden: A garden built. Garden: verb, build a garden.
[Don't stab people, the door key won't come out. ] The key on the gate of our garden will not be taken out to open the door to welcome guests unless someone with status puts a name card on it.
Manifester: refers to a person with prestige and status. Thorn: A famous position.
Used as a verb here, it is a famous post. Key: key.
[Uncle Baosheng knows Guazhou, the rest is with him, and all the owners pay for it] Uncle Baosheng served as an assistant to the magistrate in Guazhou and took me to Yuyuan Garden, where the owner entertained us everywhere. Y: Me.
Paragraph: hospitality. One: personal pronouns, we.
There is nothing strange in the garden, but it is in Schleswig. There is nothing strange in the garden, but Qiqi is building a rockery with stones.
Odd number: special and rare. Schleswig: A rockery made of various stones.
Ray: Base, base up. The stone slope in the front hall is two feet high. There are several pine trees on it, and peony and peony are planted on the slope. It's really strange that people are not allowed to fuck.
There is a stone slope in front of the hall. This slope is two feet high. There are several pine trees planted on it, and peony and peony are planted along the slope. People can't go up. It's strange because none of the gaps are full. Plants: plants.
Edge: along, along. I: because.
[The back hall is adjacent to the big pool, and the peaks in the pool are steep. People walk at the bottom of the pool and look up at the lotus in the sky. The back hall is near the big pond. There are steep ravines in the pond, straight up and down. People walk at the bottom of the pond and look up at the lotus in the pond as if it were in the sky. It's strange because it's empty.
Pro: Near. Canyon: A steep canyon.
[Outside the threshold of the bedroom, a valley whirls like a snail, which is deep and strange in the shade] Outside the railing of the bedroom, there is a valley hovering down like a snail-shaped shell, which is deep and strange. After another Shui Ge, it looks like a boat and crosses a small river, surrounded by bushes and birds, like a deep forest.
It's refreshing to sit in it. Further back, there is a water pavilion, which looks like a boat and spans the river.
This pavilion straddles a small river and is surrounded by short shrubs. Birds are twittering there, as if people are sitting in a pavilion in a deep forest. The realm here gives people a comfortable, green and profound feeling. Boat: A boat.
Shrub: Covered with weeds. Haw: small and broken voice: humility: supple appearance, which means comfort in the text.
Green and remote. [Guazhou Gardens, pavilions and pavilions, all have rockeries, which are conceived in stones and stretched in the hands of stones. Men and women are thinking about finding their owners. As for the garden, there is no regret.
Many garden pavilions in Guazhou are famous for rockeries. These rockeries were conceived in natural rocks, in the hands of rock-makers, and were born in the careful conception of masters. ) such a rockery in the garden will not make people dissatisfied.
All: all, all. All: all.
Relying on: relying on. Show: Show off, have a reputation.
Regret: I feel dissatisfied. Note: "As for the garden, I have no regrets" can be translated as: 1, and I have no regrets when I get to the garden (such a rockery will not make people dissatisfied if it is placed in the garden); 2. As for/garden/,there is no regret (such a rockery will not be unsatisfactory in the garden); As for the garden, there is no regret (if you visit Guazhou, you will not be dissatisfied in the garden).
This garden was built by a rich man named Wu Yu who stopped five miles in Guazhou. The key to the garden door will not be taken out unless someone of status leaves a famous card. Open the door to welcome guests.
Baosheng's uncle was a magistrate in Guazhou, and took me to Yuyuan Garden. The host treated us warmly. There is nothing strange about this garden except the rockery made of stone.
There is a stone slope in front of the front house. This slope is two feet high. There are several pine trees planted on it, and peony and peony are planted along the slope. People can't go up. It's strange, because no gap is full. The back hall is near the big pond. There are strange peaks and dangerous beaches in the pond, going straight up and down. People walk at the bottom of the pond and look up at the lotus in the pond as if it were in the sky. It's strange because it's empty.
Outside the railing of the bedroom, there is a ravine hovering down like a snail around the shell, which is very strange because it is dark and far away. After that, there is a water pavilion, which looks like a boat on the other side of the river. Around the pavilion, covered with bushes, birds are singing here, as if people were sitting in the pavilion in the deep mountains and forests. The realm here gives people a comfortable, green and profound feeling.
Many garden pavilions in Guazhou are famous for rockeries. These rockeries were conceived in natural rocks, in the hands of stone makers and in the careful design of their owners. ) such a rockery in the garden will not make people dissatisfied.
5. Full-text translation of learning chess in classical Chinese 1. Qiu Yi is a national chess player. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play chess. One of them concentrates on his study and only listens to Qiu Yi. While listening to Qiu Yi's instructions, another man was absorbed in thinking that a wild goose was coming, and he wanted to shoot it down with a bow and arrow. Although they learn chess together, the latter is not as good as the former. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as the last one? The answer is: no.
Second, the original text of "Learning Games": selected from "Mencius in the Warring States".
Qiu Yi is the best athlete in this country. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play chess, one to concentrate on playing chess, and Qiu Yi listens; Although one person thought it was a swan, he tried to shoot it with his bow. Although I learned chess from the previous one, chess is still not as good as the previous one. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as the former? That's not true.
Iii. Translation of Two Children Debate Day;
One day, when Confucius traveled eastward, he saw two children arguing and asked why.
A child said, "I think the sun is closer to people when it first rises and farther away at noon."
Another child thinks that the sun is farther away from people at sunrise and closer to people at noon.
A child said, "The sun was as big as a hood when it first came out, and it was like a plate at noon. Isn't it small when it's far away and big when it's near? "
Another child said, "When the sun just came out, it felt cool. At noon, it was like putting your hand into hot water. It's not hot when it's near, and it's not cold when it's far away? "
Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.
The two children smiled and said, "Who says you are very wise?"
Fourth, the original text of "Two Children Debate on Japan": Liezi Tang Wen in the Warring States Period.
When Confucius traveled eastward, he saw two children arguing and asked them why.
A child said, "I think the sun is close to the sky at sunrise and far from the sky at noon." . "
Another child thinks that the sun is far from the sun when it rises, and it is closer to people at noon.
A child said, "When the sun just came out, the hood of the car was as big as noon and the plate was as small as usual. Is this the reason why it is not far from the big one?" ? "
Another child said, "The sun just came out to cool down, and it was as hot as putting your hand in hot water at noon. Isn't that why you feel hot when you are near and cool when you are far away?" ? "
Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.
The two children smiled and said to Confucius, "Who said you were smart?" ? "
Extended data
A brief introduction to the author of "Learning Chess"
Mencius (about 372 BC-289 BC) was born in Zouguo (now Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong) during the Warring States Period.
A famous philosopher, thinker, politician and educator in the Warring States period, one of the representatives of Confucianism, was second only to Confucius, and was also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius. Advocating "benevolent government", he first put forward the idea that "the people are more expensive than the monarch".
The Original Road by Han Yu listed Mencius as a figure who inherited the Confucian orthodoxy in the pre-Qin period, while the Yuan Dynasty posthumously awarded Mencius as "elegant Gong Sheng Chen Shu" and honored him as "elegant sage". Mencius is a collection of essays compiled by Mencius and his disciples, which advocates "benevolence-oriented".
Second, a brief introduction to the author of "The Days of Two Children Debating"
Liezi (about 450 BC-375 BC, during the Warring States Period, at the age of 75) was a representative figure of Taoism in the early Warring States Period. Famous Kou, also known as Yu Kou ("Liezi" is the honorific title for him by later generations), was born in Putian (now Zhengzhou City, Henan Province) in the Zhou Dynasty, and the ancient emperor was later than Khan. One of the ten outstanding figures in pre-Qin Dynasty, he was a famous Taoist scholar, thinker, philosopher, writer and educator.
Liezi, a thinker in the early Warring States period, was a contemporary of Zheng Miaogong, another representative figure of Taoist thought besides Laozi and Zhuangzi. His scholarship originated from Huangdi Laozi, and he advocated inaction. At the end of Han Dynasty, there were eight volumes of Liezi in the Taoist part of Ban Gu's Yi Wen Zhi. Liezi, also known as Xu Chongjing (written from 450 BC to 375 BC), is an important Taoist classic. The Han Book Yiwenzhi contains eight volumes of Liezi, which was lost earlier.
It has a far-reaching influence on later philosophy, aesthetics, literature, science and technology, health preservation, music and religion. Liezi, whose theory originated from Huangdi Laozi, belongs to Laozi and Zhuangzi. The pre-Qin school of philosophy (Liezixue) was established. He is an important successor of Taoist school between Laozi and Zhuangzi.
6. Ning Guan cut off the classical Chinese translation of the original text.
Ning Guan, Hua ①xěn①x and n) A total of ② hoeing vegetables in the garden. Seeing a piece of gold in the ground, the pipe is like a tile stone. China caught ③ and liked stealing pipes, but threw ④ away. Try reading at the same table. I'd rather read the same book with the porch installed, and I'm worried about wasting books and going out to read it. I'd rather sit separately and say, "My son is not my friend."
translate
Ning Guan and Huaxin are hoeing vegetables in the garden. When they saw a piece of gold on the ground, Guan Ning still kept waving his hoe, making it no different from seeing tiles and stones. Hua Xin happily picked up the piece of gold, then saw Guan Ning's look and threw it away. They used to sit in the same seat and study. A man in an official hat drove by the door in a luxury car. Guan Ning is still studying as before, but Huaxin put down his book and went out to read it. Ning Guan cut off the mat and sat apart from Hua Xin, saying, "You are no longer my friend."
translate freely
① Guan Ning: The word "You An" was a great man at the end of the Han Dynasty, but he was not an official. Hua Xin: Zi Zi Yu, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was an official of Emperor Huan at that time. After entering Wei, he became an official on the spot and was named Boping Hou, attached to Cao Cao and his son. ② Together: ③ Grab: Pick it up, lift it up ④ Throw: Throw. ⑤ Go: Throw it away. 5 taste: once upon a time. ⑥ Take the crown: the compound words are biased. Refers to the luxurious means of transportation used by ancient literati. Xuan: A covered car in ancient times, and a crown: a hat worn by people whose official position was above that of a doctor in ancient times. This refers to your official. Same as before: same as before. Like, like. ⑧ Scrap book: Put down the book. Waste: Put it down. ⑨ View: Look at ⑩ Seat: seat, cushion. Ancient people often spread mats on the ground and then sat on them. Now wine is called a feast, which means the same thing. ⑾ Zi is not my friend: You are not my friend, Zi: You.
Feelings and experiences
Since the story of "Guan Ning gave up his seat" was sung, people have been promoting that Guan Ning is a typical person who is not greedy for glory or money. However, Guan Ning can't treat his friends in two, and the attitude of breaking up is too one-sided.
Because one or two details of his friend didn't meet his own standards, Ning Guan broke up flatly, demanding too much and being ungrateful. However, judging Hua Xin's yearning for wealth and official position only by these two trivial matters is somewhat one-sided and arbitrary. But he is very determined, he found that he and Hua Xin are not the same, and he will give up his seat sooner or later!