However, instead of being depressed, he became more energetic. It took him only two years to complete his primary school studies. After entering middle school, he was forced to drop out of school to work for a living because of his poor family. It is said that the most regrettable thing in Suharto's life is that he has not received much education. In fact, he only received a limited number of years of primary education. Therefore, whenever Suharto is free, he reads a book and even picks up a newspaper in the street. He will read it carefully from beginning to end. After graduating from the military school, Suharto became a soldier of the Dutch colonial government and was promoted to a staff sergeant in less than a year. 1942, Suharto joined the National Defence Force after the Japanese invaded Indonesia. 1945 After Japan surrendered, Indonesia broke out in August Revolution, declared its independence in August 17, and Suharto re-entered the army. 1960, Suharto served as the first assistant to the army chief of staff and commander of the army general reserve. Five years later, he served as commander of the army's strategic reserve and the rank of major general. Suharto is climbing the ladder of power. He hopes to get ahead one day. Sure enough, the "September 30" incident became an opportunity for him to climb to the top of power.
1On September 30th, 965, Lieutenant Colonel Weng Dong, commander of the 3rd Battalion of the Presidential Guard of Su Jianuo, led a group of officers to launch the "September 30th Movement", dissolved the cabinet and established the "Revolutionary Committee". Suharto then successfully counterattacked and was responsible for restoring public order. 1966, Suharto became president. 1968 In March, Suharto was officially elected President of the Republic of Indonesia. Since then, Indonesia has entered the Suharto era.
Suharto is a devout Muslim. According to Islamic law, a man can have four wives, but he has only one wife. His wife Sidi Hatina was born in Central Java, and their love marriage is full of romance. After marriage, they are very loving and happy, with three sons and three daughters. 1April, 1996, Khatina died, Suharto suffered a heavy blow and suffered a stroke. However, due to his strong will, he recovered quickly.
Suharto's birthplace Java is the birthplace of Indonesian culture. The local people all believe in the philosophy of "three noes in life". Influenced by this culture since childhood, Suharto gradually developed a calm and cautious character of staying calm in times of crisis. No matter what difficulties he encountered, his face was never fearless and nervous. On the contrary, he always smiles, so he is nicknamed "smiling president". His wife, Hatina, loves to laugh as much as Suharto and is Indonesia's "smiling first lady". When Suharto came to power, Indonesia's economy was very difficult. The huge fiscal deficit, foreign debt of more than $2 billion and rising inflation make this president from all walks of life face severe challenges.
Where does Indonesia's economic revitalization begin? Suharto has his own rules. He recruited a large number of economists and professionals, reused them and made them play a role. They advised Suharto and formulated the national economic development plan. Suharto attaches great importance to the country's construction and development, and regularly discusses the country's economic situation and economic problems with his economic advisers. It is said that every time he speaks, he will talk about economic issues and recite a lot of major economic data of Indonesia.
After hard struggle, Indonesia has made great achievements in the first 25-year development planning period (1969- 1994). The economy grew at an average annual rate of 6%, the inflation was controlled within 10%, and the per capita national income was increased from 70 dollars to 650 dollars.
During this period, Indonesia was basically self-sufficient in grain, and the export of agricultural and sideline products and some primary processed products increased significantly. Some large-scale industrial projects have also started, and the economy has basically achieved the goal of "going out of the trough and developing steadily". It also laid a good foundation for later economic development.
Since Suharto came to power, the situation in Indonesia has been relatively stable, the economy has continued to develop at a high speed, and its reputation has reached its peak. Indonesia is a "decentralized" country with 366 ethnic groups distributed on more than 65,438+03,000 islands. Its low economic level and social unrest have always been a big problem that puzzles the government. The army has always played a unique role in the Indonesian government.
Indonesian troops launched a rebellion, forcing President Su Jianuo to dissolve Parliament. "Smiling General" Suharto took advantage of the chaos to seize the highest power, and Indonesian soldiers have been in power for more than 30 years.
The army is the most important tool for Suharto to maintain his rule. During Suharto's period, the army was the only institution with dual functions of security and politics. In order to make the army participate in politics properly, Suharto put forward the theory of "dual function". 1982 Indonesian law stipulates that the army is not only a military force, but also a social force.
Under the guidance of the theory of "dual functions", the army participates in political life in all directions. In the central organs, among the 27 cabinet ministers, 12 are soldiers, who occupy positions in the Ministry of National Defense and Security, the Ministry of the Interior and the economic sector.
Important position; In local governments, the military has also introduced talents on a large scale. 197 1 After the general election, soldiers occupied 22 of the 26 governors. 1969, 27 1 mayors and county heads 147 soldiers. By 197 1 year, the proportion even rose to 2/3.
In addition, there are also military representatives in the highest organs of state power. Of the 500 members of the People's Congress, 65,438+000 are appointed by the President from the army.
In the economic field, the army also controls many important areas related to the national economy and people's livelihood. The army has actually become a special institution that the tiger's ass can't touch.
A reporter from western countries once reported: "There is not a village in the archipelago that is not led by a sergeant or a staff sergeant, and there is not a state-owned enterprise in the country that is not managed by a colonel or a general."
During Suharto's administration, not only the government actively intervened in the market, but also the military set up large companies. Because the military's participation in politics in Indonesia is too prominent, the media is strictly controlled, opposition voices are suppressed, and people's opinions have no normal channels of expression, which has seriously affected Indonesia's democratic process, and problems have accumulated over time until they are hard to return. 1In July 1997, the financial crisis broke out in Southeast Asian countries, and Indonesia's economy was devastated. The economic crisis triggered a political crisis, and Suharto's 30-year glory was destroyed.
As the hardest hit area, Indonesia's financial market continued to fluctuate, the currency depreciated sharply, and the number of unemployed people increased to 654.38+03.5 million. In addition, the drought has caused a reduction in grain production, difficulties in grain supply, soaring prices, a sharp drop in people's living standards, and an increasingly prominent gap between the rich and the poor.
A survey recently released by the Akadiga Foundation, an Indonesian NGO, shows that the poverty-stricken population in Indonesia accounts for more than half of the total population, which is 3.5 times higher than the poverty-stricken population of 22.5 million two years ago. Under the double blow of economic crisis and food shortage, the life of the poor in Indonesia is getting harder and harder, and some people die of hunger and disease. Indonesians' discontent is increasing day by day, and the university campus has become a breakthrough to vent their anger. 1998 since the end of February, students have held rallies and demonstrations almost every day, spreading from big cities such as Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya and Yogyakarta to many small and medium-sized cities across the country. The situation in Indonesia is rapidly turbulent and social contradictions are intensifying, which has triggered a series of riots and caused great losses to people's lives and property. In the capital Jakarta alone, during the three-day riots from May 3, 2003 to May 5, 2005, 499 people were killed and more than 3,000 buildings and 1000 motor vehicles were destroyed. There is a strong demand for thorough political, economic and judicial reforms. They also believe that Suharto's family rule is the root of the Indonesian crisis, demanding that Suharto step down, and the demonstrators burned the mock image of Suharto. The situation gradually got out of control, and the economic crisis eventually led to a political crisis.
The political crisis aggravated the economic crisis, and Indonesia's plan to revitalize the economy with the help of the International Monetary Fund fell through. Foreign investors have abandoned their plans to buy shares in Indonesian state-owned enterprises, and the financial market continues to be violently turbulent. Among them, the exchange rate of the Indonesian rupiah against the US dollar once fell to 17000 rupiah against the US dollar on May 1998+09, and the economic loss was incalculable.
In order to save the crisis, Suharto, who attended the 15 summit in Egypt, returned home one day early in the morning of 1 May, 19981,and immediately called the main ministers in charge of security, propaganda, economic work and the army to discuss the current situation, announced that he accepted the political, economic and judicial reform suggestions put forward by various circles and decided to start from/KLOC. Southeast Asian media believe that it is too late for Suharto to take these measures to ease the situation.
For the first time, there was a voice against Suharto within the ruling professional group. Professional groups are Suharto's political base camp and supported Suharto's seventh re-election as president in March 1998. The head of the professional group said that if Suharto is unwilling to step down, "we must force him to leave." The attitude of congressional leaders who have long supported Suharto in the past has also changed greatly. On May 18, Harmoko, Speaker of the National Assembly, issued a statement after the National Assembly meeting, hoping that Suharto would resign wisely for the sake of national reunification. However, the Indonesian military expressed its support for Suharto and opposed the proposal of the Speaker. In the following days, the military changed its original position after consultations between the parties concerned. The ruling party, the Congress and the army all abandoned Suharto, and Suharto became a loner and finally had to hand over the presidency.
Facing the domestic opposition wave. 1998 On the morning of May 2 1 Sunday 10, President Suharto delivered a radio address to the Indonesian people: "I am very concerned about the development of the domestic situation, especially the people's enthusiasm for reform. In order to ensure the stability, unity and stable development of our country, I have announced the establishment of a reform committee and the reorganization of the cabinet. However, today's facts show that due to the lack of consensus, the reform Committee cannot be established, and the reform plan proposed earlier has not been accepted by the people. According to the analysis of the situation, I can no longer lead our people and promote the development of our country. Therefore, according to the Constitution of China 1945, and after careful consideration of the opinions of the House of Representatives and leaders of various factions, I decided to resign as President of Indonesia. I submitted my resignation to the parliament this morning. According to Chapter VIII of the Constitution of 1945, Vice President Habibie succeeded the President until 2003! " Suharto bid farewell to his presidency for more than 30 years and announced his resignation. Hand over power to Vice President Habibie.
After stepping down, Suharto lived in a secluded apartment in Jakarta and rarely participated in social activities. During this period, his children were cleared out of the country, his daughter-in-law and brother were tried by the judicial department, and his family's shares in state-owned enterprises were also returned. Suharto's youngest son Tommy was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment by Jakarta Central Court in 2002 on charges of conspiracy to murder a judge, possession of weapons and absconding. After Suharto stepped down, he began to investigate and liquidate his family property. This is one of the strongest public reactions in Indonesia, demanding the confiscation of Suharto's property.
After Suharto came to power, his cronies rose in official career and held important positions in the government and the army. His children are also influenced by Laozi. Suharto's eldest daughter, Hadiyanti, served as Minister of Social Affairs in the Cabinet. His four children and a daughter-in-law are all members of Congress. Prominent political power opens the door for the family to seek personal gain. Suharto's six children are the biggest beneficiaries, and their relatives and friends have also made a fortune. Suharto family controls Indonesia's financial industry, automobile industry, electric power, construction industry, transportation industry, forest industry, mining industry, news media and real estate industry, and almost every department in Indonesia has Suharto family members. Indonesians say that the Suharto family monopolized Indonesia's large and small enterprises and controlled Indonesia's main economic lifeline. There is an image saying that Indonesia caught a cold when the Suharto family sneezed.
On May 29th, some famous people, lawyers and entrepreneurs in Indonesia set up a committee, 1998, with the purpose of focusing on all kinds of situations about "people are so poor because of misappropriation of state property". Suharto family companies that profit from oil development are also on the survey list. It is found that the 120 company controlled by Suharto family made profits by signing contracts with national oil companies, so the state-owned oil companies became the "cash cow" of Suharto family. Under pressure, Suharto's second son Bambang and son-in-law Della Roumanet resigned as chairman and president of Bimantala Commercial Group respectively. After the news came out, the group's share price immediately rose by 65,438+000 guilders, and investors responded positively.
With the deepening of the investigation, the family's plunder of wealth is shocking. At the end of last year, Suharto's second son Ban Bang, regardless of the lives of other enterprises, forcibly borrowed more than 20% of the loans from his bank and injected them into his company's name for emergency. A few months ago, Hong Kong Peregrine was exposed when it was liquidated. Of the $400 million in loans to Indonesia, $265 million was misappropriated by Suharto family enterprise groups. Some people think that if Suharto continues to be in power, the loans given by international financial institutions to Indonesia to cope with the economic crisis are likely to be misappropriated by the family.
However, the Suharto family clamored for a foul. ProBossut Zuo, Suharto's half-brother, said that the information about Suharto's family property was exaggerated, and the Indonesian public wrongly accused Suharto that his family was not greedy for money and they were willing to be investigated.
Probbo Zuo is the boss of the company. He stressed that the Suharto family did not get much wealth in most joint ventures because their partners were insatiable. Several companies run by Suharto have closed down. He described Suharto as innocent, and many Indonesians scoffed at his statement.
He also revealed that Suharto often ran and played golf after he stepped down. 1998, Suharto was seen praying in a mosque in Jakarta on May 28th. Accompanying him in prayer is Major General Chams-Eddine, commander of the Jakarta Military Region. This is Suharto's first public appearance since his resignation. Witnesses said that he looked strong and in a good mood. On June 4, 2008, Suharto was admitted to hospital for heart and lung diseases. Suharto was hospitalized with anemia, low heart rate and swollen internal organs, and his condition was critical. According to Indonesia's Petamina Hospital, Suharto's condition deteriorated rapidly after he was admitted to the hospital, and doctors conducted hemodialysis for him to eliminate water in his body.
Santo, an official of Petamina Hospital, said at a news conference on the 6th that Suharto's condition has improved, but he is still weak.
The official said: "His heart and lungs (function) have improved, and the accumulated water in his body has begun to decrease, especially in his lungs." However, Suharto's attending doctor, Subia Antono, held another press conference on the 8th, saying that Suharto's health deteriorated again and even showed symptoms of internal bleeding. "We found blood in Suharto's urine and excrement, and the water in his lungs is gradually increasing," Subiatano said. The attending doctor pointed out that these symptoms may cause Suharto to have difficulty breathing.
It is reported that during Suharto's hospitalization, his family has been with him in the hospital. Some government officials and religious leaders, including the current President Susilo Bambang, also visited the hospital.
Suharto, 86, has been hospitalized several times since he was forced to resign in May 1998. After 1998, Suharto suffered several strokes, and he also suffered from lung and kidney diseases.
The illness allowed Suharto to recuperate at home all the year round, but it also helped him avoid the lawsuit. Suharto ruled Indonesia for 30 years. In August, 2000, the Indonesian General Prosecutor's Office sued Suharto for corruption, and the local court tried the case many times, but Suharto refused to appear in court on the grounds of "poor health", and the case was finally dropped.
On May 12, 2006, Indonesian Attorney General Salih announced that in view of Suharto's deteriorating health, the Attorney General's Office suspended the judicial review procedure for Suharto's alleged corruption case.
However, in July 2007, Indonesian prosecutors formally filed a civil lawsuit against Suharto in the Southern District Court of Jakarta, accusing him of embezzling a huge sum equivalent to 440 million US dollars by using the education fund created during his presidency. On the morning of June+10/October 65438+March 2008, the illness of former Indonesian President Suharto, who was seriously ill in hospital, further deteriorated. The medical team has taken many first-aid measures, but the situation is still "very dangerous". Since that morning, Suharto's health has deteriorated sharply, with multiple organ failures and further decline in cardiopulmonary function. 65438+1On October 27th, Indonesian police confirmed that former President Suharto died of multiple organ failure at the age of 87. According to the hospital, Suharto died on the afternoon of 27th local time 1.