Second, the top ten psychological effects, how much birdcage logic do you know?
Hang a beautiful birdcage in the most conspicuous place in the room. In a few days, the owner will definitely make one of the following two choices: throw away the birdcage or buy a bird and put it in the birdcage. This is the birdcage logic. The process is simple. Imagine that you are the owner of this room. As long as someone walks into a room and sees a birdcage, they can't help asking you, "Where is the bird? Is it dead? " When you answer, "I've never had a bird." People will ask, "So, what do you need a birdcage for?" Finally, you have to choose between two choices, because it is much easier than endless explanations. The reason for birdcage logic is simple: people think inertia most of the time. So it can be seen how important it is to cultivate logical thinking in life and work.
broken window effect
There is a phenomenon in psychological research called "broken window effect", that is, if the window of a house is broken and no one repairs it, soon, other windows will be broken inexplicably; A wall, if some graffiti is not cleaned up, will soon be covered with messy and unsightly things. In a very clean place, people will be embarrassed to throw garbage, but once there is garbage on the ground, people will not hesitate to throw it and will not feel ashamed. This is really a strange phenomenon.
Psychologists study this "tipping point" How dirty the ground is, people will feel so dirty anyway. No matter how dirty it is. How bad the situation is, people will give up and let it rot.
Anything bad can't be changed if it is not stopped at first, just like a small gap on the river bank, which can collapse and cause millions of times of losses.
Crime is actually the result of disorder. New york really robbed everywhere in the 1980s, killing people every day, and being afraid to walk in the street in broad daylight. Not to mention the subway, the carriage is a mess, full of dirty words. Sitting in the subway, everyone is in danger. A professor was hit hard in broad daylight and lost his sight, thus ending his research career. Using the broken window effect theory, new york first improved the criminal environment, making it difficult for people to commit crimes, and then slowly arrested criminals and thieves to restore order. A sinking city can actually come back to life.
New york's practice has been criticized as "slow action" and "the ship is sinking and the deck is still being washed". However, in new york, the subway cars were kept clean, and people who didn't buy tickets for free rides were handcuffed and stood in a row on the platform to publicly announce the government's determination to rectify, which proved to be very effective.
The police found that people really don't commit crimes in clean places. They also found that people who evade tickets are very rewarding, because one out of every seven people who evade tickets is wanted, and one out of every 20 people carries weapons. Therefore, the police are willing to seriously grasp the evasion of tickets, so that gangsters dare not evade tickets and dare not go out with weapons, so as not to lose more. In this way, new york will start from the smallest and easiest place, break the criminal chain, and make this vicious circle impossible to continue.
Decentralization of responsibilities
No matter whether things are true or not, as long as people are willing to believe, what is obviously false will become true.
1March, 964 13 At 3: 20 pm, in front of an apartment on the outskirts of new york, a young woman named Juno Bibi was assassinated on her way home from work in a bar. When she cried out in despair, "Someone is going to kill someone! Help! Help! " Residents nearby heard the shouts, turned on the lights and opened the window, and the murderer escaped. Everything calmed down and the murderer came back to commit the crime. When she shouted again, the nearby residents turned on the lights again and the murderer ran away again. When she thought she had nothing to do and went back to her home to go upstairs, the murderer appeared in front of her again and killed her on the stairs. In the process, although she shouted for help, at least 38 people in her neighbors went to the window to watch, but no one came to save her, or even called the police. This incident caused a sensation in new york society, and also attracted the attention and thinking of social psychologists. People call this phenomenon the responsibility of many bystanders spreading from bankruptcy.
Psychologists have conducted a lot of experiments and investigations on the causes of the spread of responsibility, and the results show that this phenomenon can be said to be not only people's apathy, but also the increasingly decadent morality. Because on different occasions, people's aid behavior is really different. When a person encounters an emergency, if he is the only one who can help, he will clearly realize his responsibility and give help to the victims. If he feels guilty from destruction, it will cost him a high psychological price. If there are many people present, the responsibility of helping those who ask for help will be shared by everyone, resulting in scattered responsibilities. Everyone shares little responsibility, and bystanders may not even realize their own responsibility, thus creating a psychology of "I don't save, others save" and causing a situation of "collective indifference". How to break this situation is an important topic that psychologists are studying.
Unexpectedly, after this theory became popular for 40 years, in 2007, three scholars from the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom published a paper pointing out that the Katie case reported by The New York Times in that year was simply a story. According to police records, Katie was not chased three times, but happened on a dark street corner. No one turned on the light and stood by the window, because there were no windows at all, and of course there were no 38 witnesses. Someone called the police. When the police arrived at the scene, Katie was not dead. She was taken to the hospital for emergency treatment. Later, she died of serious injuries. After The New York Times's report was published, some people presented evidence to prove that many plots of this matter were made out of nothing, but nobody paid attention to it. Katie's case has been passed on over and over again, and the bystander effect has been taught over and over again, and the students have also learned it, which has become the basic common sense of psychology.
Parkinson's law
Parkinson's law is another name for bureaucracy or bureaucratic phenomenon, and it is called one of the three great discoveries of western culture in the 20th century. It can also be called "officialdom disease", "organizational paralysis disease" or "big business disease", which comes from the title of the book Parkinson's Law published by the famous British historian Northgood Parkinson 1958. In his book, he explained the reasons and consequences of the expansion of institutional personnel: an incompetent official may have three ways out. The first is to apply for resignation and give your seat to someone who has the ability; The second is to let a capable person help him with his work; The third is to appoint two people lower than themselves as assistants. This first way is absolutely impossible, because many rights will be lost; You can't go the second way, because that capable person will become your opponent; It seems that only the third way is the most suitable. So, two mediocre assistants share his work, and he gives orders from above. They will not pose a threat to their rights. Since both assistants are incompetent, find yourself two incompetent assistants from top to bottom. By analogy, a leadership system is formed, which is bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other and inefficient.
halo effect
Halo effect, in interpersonal communication, one aspect of a person's characteristics masks other characteristics, thus causing cognitive impairment. The mistake is:
First, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics of things, and I am used to pushing the individual to the general, replacing the surface with points;
Secondly, it relates some personality or appearance characteristics of "Wu" to each other, and asserts that having this characteristic will inevitably have another characteristic;
Third, it is an absolute tendency dominated by subjective prejudice.
Hawthorne effect
In the 1920s-1930s, American researchers discovered the experimenter effect, called Hawthorne effect, in the experiment on the relationship among working conditions, social factors and production benefits in Hawthorne factory of Chicago West Electric Power Company. In the first stage of the experiment, the relationship between working conditions and production benefits was set from 1924 1 1 to the experimental group and the control group. Results The output of the experimental group increased whether the light was increased or controlled, and so did the output of the control group with the same light. In addition, factors such as salary, rest time, working hours per day and working days per week have been tested, and it is not clear that these working conditions have any direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the experiment was led by Mayo, a professor at Harvard University in the United States, and mainly studied the relationship between social factors and production efficiency. The results show that the improvement of production efficiency is mainly due to the great changes in the spirit of the subjects. Workers who participated in the experiment were placed in special laboratories, led by researchers. Their social conditions have changed, which attracted the attention of all parties, thus forming the feeling of participating in the experiment and feeling that they are an important part of the company, thus inspiring workers from the social perspective and promoting the increase of output.
This effect tells us that when students or themselves are concerned or watched by the public, the efficiency of learning and communication will be greatly improved. Therefore, we should learn to get along well with others in our daily life and understand what kind of behavior is accepted and appreciated by our classmates and teachers. Only by constantly increasing your good behavior in life and study can you get more people's attention and appreciation, and you can make your study progress and be confident!
Learned helplessness effect
Learned helplessness was first discovered by Auvermeer and Seligman, and then widely discussed in animal and human studies. In short, many experiments show that after training, dogs can jump over obstacles or engage in other behaviors to escape the electric shock applied to them by experimenters. However, if the dog has been subjected to unpredictable (I don't know when it will come) and uncontrollable electric shock before (for example, the interruption of the electric shock does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog has a chance to escape from the electric shock later, it will become impossible to escape. Moreover, dogs will also show other defects, such as feeling depressed and depressed, reducing initiative and so on.
Dogs behave this way because they learned to feel helpless in the early stage of the experiment. In other words, they realize that no matter what they do, they can't control the termination of the electric shock. In each experiment, the termination of electric shock is under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will realize that he has no ability to change this external control, thus learning a sense of helplessness.
If people produce learned helplessness, it will become a deep despair and sorrow. Therefore, we should broaden our horizons in our study and life, see clearly the real decisive factors behind the incident, and don't let ourselves fall into despair.
the witness's memory effect
Witnesses, in our understanding, are usually people who provide some objective evidence, that is, people who truthfully tell what they saw with their own eyes and heard with their own ears. However, psychological research has proved that the testimony provided by many witnesses is inaccurate or personal, with personal views and consciousness.
Surprisingly, the confidence of witnesses in their testimony does not determine the accuracy of their testimony. Psychologists Pfeiffer and Hollins decided to do further research on this conclusion. In order to see if there is anything special in the witness's testimony, they compared the witness's memory with general knowledge.
They showed the participants a short film about a kidnapped girl. The next day, the subjects were asked to answer some questions about the video content, and were asked to express their confidence in their answers, and then they were given a recognition memory test. Next, in the same way, the content is common sense questions selected from encyclopedias and popular books.
As before, Pfeiffer and Hollins also found that those who have confidence in their answers are actually no better than those who have no confidence in their answers, but this is not the case for general knowledge. People with high confidence recall the results much better than people with low confidence.
People are aware of their strengths and weaknesses in common sense. Therefore, they tend to modify their test results on the confidence scale. Common sense is a database shared among individuals. It has a recognized correct answer, and subjects can measure it by themselves. For example, people will know whether they are better or worse than others in sports. However, the witnessed events are not affected by this self-knowledge. For example, on the whole, they are less likely to know that they are better or worse at remembering participants' hair colors than others.
Rosenthal effect
American psychologist Rosenthal and others did a famous experiment in 1968. They went to a primary school, and selected three classes of children from grade one to grade six for a serious "test to predict future development". Then the experimenter informed the teacher of the list of students who thought they had "excellent development possibilities". In fact, this list is not determined according to the test results, but is randomly selected. It hints at teachers with "authoritative lies", thus arousing teachers' expectations of the students on the list. Eight months later, the results of the intelligence test found that the students on the list generally improved their grades, and the teachers also gave them good moral evaluation. This experiment has achieved miraculous results. People call this phenomenon that students can make the progress expected by teachers through the subtle influence on students' psychology "Rosenthal effect", which is also commonly known as pygmalion effect (Pygmalion is the king of Cyprus in ancient Greek mythology, and he has a good impression on a girl's statue, and his desire finally turns this statue into a real person, and the two love and combine).
Educational practice also shows that if teachers love some students, they will have high expectations. After a period of time, students will feel the care, love and encouragement of teachers. Often treat teachers, study and their own behavior with a positive attitude, students will be more self-respecting, confident, self-loving and self-reliant, thus inducing positive passion. These students tend to make progress that teachers expect. On the contrary, those students who are ignored and discriminated by teachers will feel the teacher's "eccentricity" from the teacher's words, behaviors and expressions over time, and will also treat the teacher and their own learning with a negative attitude, ignoring or refusing to listen to the teacher's requirements; These students tend to get worse every day, and finally become social undesirable elements. Although there are exceptions, this is the general trend, and it also sounded the alarm for teachers.
False consensus deviation
We usually think that our hobbies are the same as most people. If you like playing computer games, you may overestimate the number of people who like computer games. You usually overestimate the number of people who vote for your favorite classmates, overestimate your prestige and leadership in the group, and so on. Your tendency to overestimate the number of people with the same characteristics as your behavior and attitude is called "false consensus bias" Some factors will affect the intensity of your wrong empathy bias:
(1) When external attribution is stronger than internal attribution;
(2) When the current behavior or event is very important to someone;
(3) When you are very sure or firmly believe in your point of view;
(4) When your status or normal life and study are threatened;
(5) Talking about some positive qualities or personalities;
(6) When you treat others like yourself.
Third, the top ten psychological effect cases (1) stereotype effect: summarize the characteristics or motives of a group of people, and attribute the summarized group characteristics to everyone in the group, thinking that they all have this characteristic, regardless of individual differences. Reflected in daily life: "We usually think that most businessmen are very careful and stingy, so we say that every businessman is stingy." This is actually wrong, and it is the ghost of social stereotype effect. We impose the group characteristics of "businessmen are stingy" on every businessman, ignoring individual differences. In fact, businessmen also have many generous people. Another example is "we often say that liberal arts boys are sentimental and engineering boys are stuffy." If you want a romantic boyfriend, don't look for engineering male. " This statement imposes the characteristics of most engineering boys on every engineering boy, and ignores the social stereotype effect of individual differences. Just like the old gentleman in our story, he imposed most black characteristics on John. Is John really a "liar, thief and murderer"? Not exactly.
Let's continue our story.
Clever John saw that the old man didn't hire him, so he immediately ran to the old woman's side, made a gift first, and then said, "Madam, madam, please hire me. I really want to get this job, and I will definitely work hard. " Seeing that John was neat and clever, the old lady felt very good and agreed. But after he started working, John didn't behave well. He is always lazy and always hides in the corner to smoke. Fortunately, John has a sweet mouth and often makes the old lady smile, so the old lady thinks he is good, clever and sincere.
The story tells, which embodies the first cause effect and halo effect.
(2) First effect: The first impression means that the information obtained at first is more influential than the information obtained later before the overall impression is formed. In daily life, we often say that "a good beginning is half the battle", which is the embodiment of the first cause effect. For example, when we are looking for a job interview, we all pay great attention to our personal image, hoping to leave a good impression on the interviewer. Or when a man and a woman are dating, if a girl feels very attractive and comfortable at the first sight of a boy, then the chance of success in this blind date will be very great. In the story, John first ran over and bowed to his wife, and then sincerely asked her to give him a job. His wife made a good first impression on him. Even though he was not very hardworking, he still liked him very much.
(3) Halo effect: also called halo effect. When we think that someone has a certain characteristic, we will make similar judgments about other characteristics, that is, point to area. When one aspect has outstanding advantages, others will think that other aspects are also excellent. For example, celebrity endorsements are often shown on TV. This star is good at acting and handsome, so we think he has good moral character and integrity, and the products he endorses must be very effective. These are all the effects of halo effect. Reflected in the story is that the old lady thinks John is good everywhere because he is very sweet. He used his sweet words to make similar inferences about John's character and character.
The good times didn't last long, and the old lady's good impression of John soon changed, because one day, she saw John drunk as drunk as a fiddler in the room, and he also drunk as drunk as a fiddler and smashed a lot of things in the room. Very angry. In the evening, I complained to the old man, "I am really disappointed and wrong about John." I didn't expect him to be such a person. " "I told you I can't hire black people." The old man responded. As it happens, the old couple's conversation was heard by John, who was hiding in the corner and smoking. John thought to himself, "They will definitely fire me early tomorrow morning. They won't even accuse me of stealing their sheep, otherwise it is better to start first." The next morning, the old couple got up and found that John had left without saying goodbye and stole their sheep. They were very angry and called the police. As soon as the police arrived at the market, they caught John selling sheep and locked him up.
The story ends here. In this story, there are two other effects, namely recency effect and projection effect.
(4) recency effect, also known as recency effect, refers to the phenomenon that the newly acquired information has a greater impact than the original information on the basis of the overall impression. The latest information in recency effect is more important, while the first information is more important. This is the difference between them. For example, this is what we often say, "Don't wait for three days, be impressed." Monroe, a warrior in Wu Dong, was born in poverty and had no chance to study in her early years. Inspired by Sun Quan, a military master, he used all his spare time to study angrily. With the continuous expansion of his knowledge field, his insights have become increasingly profound. Lu Su, a military adviser, looked down on the illiterate Monroe and had dinner with him one day. Monroe analyzed the current war and put forward five suggestions for the development of Soochow. Lu Su was very impressed. He patted Monroe on the back and said kindly, I always thought my brother could only fight, but I didn't expect his knowledge and strategy to get better and better. It's really a three-day farewell, and I should be' sit up and take notice'. Lv Meng's words showed his knowledge, which belongs to the latest information, and suddenly changed Lu Su's old view of him, which is the embodiment of recency effect. In the story, the old lady suddenly changed her good impression of John because of the recent incident of John drinking.
(5) Projection effect: refers to transferring some unpleasant and unacceptable ideas, personalities, attitudes or desires to others when interacting with others, thinking that others are the same, so as to cover up their unwelcome characteristics. Common "with the heart of a villain, the belly of a gentleman." Su Dongbo laughed at Fo Yin and said, "I think you are a pile of shit." Fo Yin said, "I think you are a golden Buddha". Su Dongpo smugly told Su Xiaomei. Su Xiaomei said, "Brother, didn't you say you were shit?" Su Dongpo transferred his attitude and thoughts to Fo Yin, thinking that others are shit, and he also thinks he is shit. This is the projection effect. For example, pedestrians in our country are repeatedly forbidden to run red lights. It is precisely because when people run a red light, they project their thoughts on others and think that others will do the same, so it is natural. In the story, the old couple didn't want to dismiss John, but John projected his thoughts on the old couple, inferring that they would dismiss him and even frame themselves. Finally walked into the prison.
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