Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Montgomery Bus Boycott mbth: Montgomery Bus Boycott Duration: 1955~ 1956 Background, apartheid and social inequality, the germination of civil rights movement, important legislative and administrative measures, Claudette Colvin Boycott, Montgomery Introduction, the fuse and process of the movement, the fuse, Martin Luther King and the principle of non-violence, the movement process, and the trial of American courts. America has a long history of apartheid. In the United States in the19th and 20th centuries, especially in the south of the United States, Jim Crowe once enforced strict apartheid laws. Many public facilities, such as schools, hospitals and restaurants. There is a tangible phenomenon of apartheid. Apartheid implemented by law is called legal apartheid. 1896, the supreme court of the United States ruled in the case of Placy v. Ferguson that racial segregation in public facilities is constitutional as long as the principle of "separation but equality" is followed. However, "equality" is rarely accompanied by "segregation": African-Americans and other ethnic minorities, such as Spanish-speaking mexican american, are often treated as second-class citizens. Apartheid was obvious in the north of the United States in the19th and 20th centuries, and legal apartheid was less than that in the south. However, due to racial stereotypes and unequal economic conditions, de facto segregation was also very common in the northern United States at that time. At that time, African-Americans were usually considered to lack education and culture, so they often could only find low-paying jobs. Jim Crow's laws and other forms of apartheid have had a far-reaching impact. African-Americans mainly stand at the bottom of social economy. Poverty and lack of education have formed a vicious circle in African-American communities, leading to rising crime rate and slow community development. African-Americans in the southern part of the United States did not have the right to vote in the real sense for most of the time from the19th century to the mid-20th century, which made it more difficult for them to improve their social status. The germination of civil rights movement and World War II promoted the emergence of American civil rights movement to some extent. 194 1 year, U.S. president franklin roosevelt banned racial segregation in the production process of defense industry. After World War II, triumphant African-Americans hoped to get the same treatment as whites in other aspects, but they encountered serious racial discrimination and segregation. In this context, the desire to change racial injustice in American society came into being. 1944, Gunnar Myrdal, a Swedish economist and sociologist, published a classic book, The American Problem: Black Problem and Modern Democracy, which put forward the theory that the poor were getting poorer and poorer, and pointed out the factors that hindered African-Americans from participating in democracy and social activities in American society in the 1940s. This classic made an important contribution to the American civil rights movement. In the 1940s, James Farmer and several other colleagues co-founded the Commission on Racial Equality (CORE). Under the guidance of henry david thoreau and Gandhi, the members of CORE firmly believe that a more equal and just racial environment can be established through direct non-violent means. CORE launched non-violent demonstrations in northern American cities such as Chicago and Detroit. Important legislative and administrative measures in henry david thoreau's works When some African-Americans in the southern United States tried to register as legitimate voters, some white racists resisted with violence. At that time, President Harry S. Truman appointed the Civil Rights Commission to investigate the violent conflict. Subsequently, the Civil Rights Committee put forward a series of suggestions aimed at ensuring equality and fairness among all races in American society, including the anti-smuggling law and the voting rights protection law. However, the United States Congress did not pass these legislations. However, Truman, who did not get the support of Congress, used the executive power to cancel the apartheid policy in the American army in 1948. 1954, in the case of Brown v. Topeka Education Bureau, the judges of the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14 amendment to the United States Constitution. The court decided to declare that the isolation measures were unequal from the beginning. This judgment overturned the ruling of the United States Supreme Court in the case of 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson. The decision of "Brown case" is limited to public schools, but it is thought that the decision also contains the implication that segregation policy is not allowed in other public facilities. Claudette Colvin's boycott of Claudette Colvin was a pioneer of the civil rights movement. 1955 One day in March, colvin went home by bus as usual. When the bus driver asked colvin to give up his seat to white passengers, colvin repeatedly refused the driver's request. Colvin was then kicked out of the car and arrested by the police. Colvin was the first civil rights fighter who publicly resisted the measures of bus segregation during the American civil rights movement. She inspired many civil rights activists to make unremitting efforts to improve social injustice. Nine months later, Rosa parks's famous boycott kicked off the Montgomery bus boycott. Introduction to Montgomery Montgomery is the state capital of Alabama in the southern United States. Montgomery was built in 18 17 and was named after general R. Montgomery. Montgomery was one of the most segregated cities in the United States in the mid-20th century. Its laws once required African-Americans to give up their seats to whites. Montgomery is also the center of the American civil rights movement. Montgomery's bus boycott campaign was launched against the background of racial segregation and serious discrimination. Besides the legislative efforts of activists in the civil rights movement, civil rights fighters also made great efforts among the people. The fuse 1 955 65438+February1day, an African-American seamstress boarded a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, USA. When her bus passed several stations, the bus driver ordered Rosa parks to give up her seat to the white passengers. Rosa parks thought that she should be treated equally with white people, so she refused to give up her seat. Subsequently, Parks was arrested by the police and fined 10 and $4 for court trial. Rosa parks's arrest in Rosa parks triggered a series of civil rights incidents. A few days after her arrest, some civil rights activists in Montgomery organized a one-day bus boycott. Civil rights fighters called on African-Americans in Montgomery to refuse to take buses, walk or take taxis to work to express their opposition to Parks' arrest and apartheid. The bus boycott began. Martin Luther King and the principle of non-violence On the first night of boycotting buses, civil rights leader Martin Luther King gave an inspiring speech. Aware of the seriousness of apartheid in American society, Martin Luther King said, "We have no choice but to resist." ("... there is no choice but to protect. However, Martin Luther King emphasized the importance of nonviolent movement. He warned the audience not to let their hearts be drowned by hatred, to respect the principles of Christianity and to love those racists who discriminate against blacks. After giving a speech, Martin Luther King was elected as the leader of Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and actively led the bus boycott movement. To this end, Martin Luther King's home was bombed by a racial extremist. Fortunately, no one was killed by the bomb. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) played a leading role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The expenses of publicity, communication and rent have rapidly increased the financial expenditure of Montgomery Progressive Association. Fortunately, donations from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), some churches and trade unions enabled MIA to operate normally. During the bus boycott, African-Americans collectively refused to take Montgomery's bus. It is worth mentioning that African-Americans in Montgomery are the main passengers of local buses. About 65,438+08,000 African-American passengers take about 40,000 buses to and from work every day. African-Americans collectively boycotted buses, which soon caused Montgomery bus company to lose money. One month after the bus boycott, Montgomery Bus Company applied to Mayor Montgomery for emergency financial assistance to maintain the loss-making bus service. People who boycott buses on foot. African Americans who refuse to take buses mainly travel on foot. However, some people will also get help from others. A taxi team composed of 18 blacks provides cheap services to African-Americans on foot, charging only 10 cents each time. However, a law in Montgomery requires that taxi fares should not be less than 45 cents at a time, which prevents black drivers from doing good deeds. African-Americans who own carpools voluntarily help other blacks, but they also face deliberate difficulties from white traffic police and insurance companies. Faced with the threat of dismissal or even violent retaliation by the Klan, African-Americans still firmly support the Montgomery bus boycott. "My feet are tired, but my heart is calm," said a woman called "Mother Pollard". The Montgomery bus boycott lasted 38 1 day. With the unity and unremitting struggle of African Americans, the US Supreme Court finally gave them a satisfactory answer in 1956. On June 4th, 1956, the federal court of Montgomery District ruled that the bus segregation law in Alabama was unconstitutional. However, the ruling of the regional federal court was not immediately and effectively implemented. Civil rights activists still insist on boycotting buses. Following 1954, the US Supreme Court made a historic ruling in the case of Brown v. Topeka Education Bureau, 1956, the US Supreme Court made a major ruling. On June1956165438+1October 13, the Supreme Court of the United States supported the ruling of the Federal District Court and found Montgomery's bus segregation law unconstitutional. The Supreme Court's ruling subsequently became law, stipulating that African-Americans have the right to choose the seats they want. After receiving a satisfactory reply, the participants in the Montgomery bus boycott officially ended the boycott on February 20th. 1956+65438. A cartoon depicting the Montgomery bus boycott shows the determination and perseverance of American civil rights activists. Its significance lies not only in successfully urging the authorities to abolish the bus apartheid law, but also in injecting more vitality and hope into the American civil rights movement. At the same time, the Montgomery bus boycott showed the power of non-violent movement. After Montgomery Movement, non-violence developed rapidly in the United States and became the mainstay of American civil rights movement.