Scientific attainments
Neo-Confucianism
In Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, it has always been the official philosophy of the feudal ruling class, which indicates that the ideology of feudal society is more complete. In the second year of Yuan and Qing Dynasties (13 13), the imperial examination was resumed, and it was ordered that Zhu's Notes on Four Books and Sentences should prevail, and Zhu Weike cited the procedure. In the second year of Zhu Yuanzhang's Hongwu reign (1369), Zhu et al. took "Chuan as the Sect" in the imperial examination. Zhu Xue became the spiritual pillar to consolidate the ruling order of feudal society. It strengthened the "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and hindered the later changes in feudal society. Zhu's theory also had a far-reaching influence on Wang Yangming's psychology in Ming Dynasty. Wang Yangming's thought of unity of knowledge and action is a breakthrough on the basis of Zhu's philosophy. Zhu's academic thought also has an important influence in the history of world culture.
In the Song Dynasty, Zhu's academic attainments were the deepest and most influential. He summed up the thoughts of predecessors, especially the Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, and established a huge Neo-Confucianism system, which became a masterpiece of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, and his achievements were praised by later generations. His disciple Huang Wo once concluded: "We should carry forward the lofty sentiments of the sages, open up opportunities that the sages did not have, clearly distinguish the gains and losses of Confucianism, start heresies, manage tomorrow, be straightforward and make great achievements." "("To the Star ") also said:" Since the week, only a few people have been allowed to preach. And it can stop more than one or two authors. After Confucius, Ceng Zi and Zi Siri followed suit, starting with Mencius. Mencius followed closely, followed closely by Zhou, Cheng, etc. "(ditto) The whole of A Qing Dynasty pointed out:" We need the broad masses, be subtle and big, and be comprehensive from generation to generation. The study of Jiangxi and the study of Yongjia in eastern Zhejiang are not inevitable, but they cannot be partial. " ("Song and Yuan Learning Examples". Although these comments are flattering, they truly reflect Zhu's position and influence in academic circles. After Zhu's death, posthumous title "Wen Gong" presented Bao Moge with a bachelor's degree and conferred the title of Lord protector. His thoughts are regarded as official research, and since the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu's hermeneutics of Confucian classics has become the basis of the imperial examination. Also known as "Zhu Zi" with Confucius sage. Because of this, Zhu's words became an unchangeable and absolute authority. This is especially true of Yi-ology. Zhu wrote The Original Meaning of the Book of Changes, listing the images of Heluo and congenital, and edited The Book of Changes with his disciples Cai and his son (Cai and Cai Shen), explaining the theory of Heluo and congenital, which was used by later generations to explain Zhu's innate thought of Heluo. In this sense, Zhu Zhen correctly established the position of the theory of Heluo and the theory of congenital in academic circles, and was recognized by most Yi scholars in later generations.
When Zhu was fourteen, his father died, and he obeyed his father's orders. He studied under his father Hu and his friends Liu Chong. After marrying Zhu, I have a promise of a woman. In the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1 148), 19-year-old Zhu became a scholar. Twenty-one years, by Zuo Di Gong Lang, Quanzhou Tongan main book. Twenty-three years, the white snail teacher studied under Fu Dongli. Only by knowing the right or wrong of the old saying can we learn to be honest. In twenty-seven years, Zhu abandoned Guan Tongan, returned to his hometown, and devoted himself to academics for more than twenty years. Xiaozong acceded to the throne and was called many times, but they all resigned. In the fifth year of Xichun (1 178), 49-year-old Zhu joined Nankang Army, and in eight years, he was transferred to Changping Salt in eastern Zhejiang. After Guangzong acceded to the throne, he also knew Zhangzhou and Tanzhou. Ningzong acceded to the throne, besides Huan, preparations to be made and talks to be made. In short, Zhu Yisheng bootstrapped the scholar to death. In fifty years, he experienced four dynasties: Gaozong, Xiaozong, Guangzong and Ningzong. He served as an official for nine years, established the court for forty days, and gave lectures on "University" for Ningzong. The other forty years lived a life of lecturing and writing books. His works include The Original Meaning of Zhouyi, Enlightenment, Textual Research on Eight Diagrams, Biography of Poems, The Doctrine of the Mean in Universities, Notes on Analects of Confucius, Notes on Mencius, Illustration of Taiji, Interpretation of Books, Interpretation of Mingxi, Collection of Chuci, etc. In addition, there are collections of 100, sequels of 1 1, anthologies of 10, and various sub-languages of 140 are compiled by admirers. His thought of Yi-ology is mainly concentrated in the original meaning of Zhouyi, Enlightenment of Yi-ology, Zhuzi School and other works. According to the chronology of Zhu, The Original Meaning of Zhouyi was written in four years (A.D. 1 177) and Enlightenment in thirteen years (A.D. 1 186). According to Zhu Bokun's textual research, "the original meaning was not written before enlightenment." (History of the Book of Changes, Peking University Publishing House, 198) This statement is accurate. It should be noted that although Zhouyi Shenwu is listed in Zhu's name, it is not his own work, but the result of his cooperation with Cai. Weng Yi, a student of Cai, recorded in "Seven Years of Chunyou" (1247): "Hui 'an's interpretation of the four books was inspired by Mr. Wang's argument ... Six Classics, Yu, Meng, Xue, Yong, and Mr. Wang used this to discuss how to be coherent and how to be outstanding. Mr. Yan Jing pondered the book "Yi Xue Enlightenment". After many years, it was just a book after being deleted and polished. " (In front of Chua's Nine Books is Chua's scholar) This "gentleman" refers to Chua's Ding Yuan. In the History of Song Dynasty, it is consistent that Weng Yi's Book of Changes was written by Cai and compiled by Zhu. The History of Song Dynasty Cai Zhuan said: "After all, the interpretation of the Four Books, as well as the Book of Changes, Biography of Poetry and Zi Zhi Tong Jian are all repetitive. The book Enlightenment belongs to Ding Yuan. " This can also be confirmed in Wei's remarks. In his letter to Cai Yuan, Zhu said, "Has Enlightenment been revised? I want to be early. " (Selected Works. Answer Cai Jitong) and say, "Has enlightenment changed? Another day, one place and two seasons are connected with days, five places and five times. Cheng Zi changed this, but it was not revealed at that time. I'm afraid it should be added to Cheng now. Is it tomorrow? " (Answer to Cai Jitong's Collected Works) Zhu also made it very clear in the Preface to Enlightenment: "Because of comrades, there are quite four kinds of books about old news to show beginners and make their words unquestionable." This "comrade" is Cai. The word "book" in "four books are books" is enlightenment. Therefore, what Weng Yi wrote is credible.
Research on works
As a famous thinker, philosopher and educator in China's feudal society13rd century, Zhu's Neo-Confucianism thought represented by him has a considerable influence and function in China society, East Asian countries and nations, and even the Chinese society in the world. Zhu's philosophy, thoughts, textual research of Zhu's works and evaluation of Zhu's historical position all need comprehensive and in-depth research.
His research tentacles cover all fields of Confucian classics. Scholars in the Qing Dynasty all said with emotion that Zhu Zi was a "broad, meticulous and comprehensive" scholar. According to the description statistics of Sikuquanshu, there are 25 kinds of Zhu's works with more than 600 volumes, with a total word count of about 20 million words. This is still a very incomplete statistic, but this set of figures alone is considerable enough to build a monument to diligent thinkers.
In addition to the richness of his works, Zhu's works also show the characteristics of diversified forms. "Words must be faithful and deeds must be fruitful" is a Confucian tradition that began with Confucius. The so-called "narration" is essentially a creative way to explain one's own thoughts and theories by means of annotation and interpretation of Confucian classics. Zhu is the most successful and active scholar who established his own neo-Confucianism system in this way. His Notes on Four Books and Sentences, Biography of Poems and Original Meaning of Zhouyi are the representatives of this kind of works. But Zhu Xi is by no means a "doer". He laid the foundation stone for his Neo-Confucianism building with a large number of rigorous theoretical works. Jie Tai Chi Tu and Jie Mingxi are the high crystallization of his philosophical thoughts, Jing Hua Yuan and A Record of Famous Officials' Words and deeds are the concentrated displays of his historical theory, and Hui An Anthology is the final masterpiece of his neo-Confucianism. Another kind of Zhu Zi's works, such as Notes on Chu Ci and Textual Research on Korean, are the collation and research of the academic heritage of the previous generation. This kind of works not only shows Zhu Zi's profound and extensive academic foundation, but also shows his academic orientation in different periods. Editing suicide notes for former institutional scientists is another work of Zhu. He compiled Cheng Cheng's suicide note and foreign books for Cheng Yi and Hao Cheng.
Edited "Quotations from Shangcai" for Xie and "Zhai Weiji" for his father Zhu Song. Zhu also has a book about cooperation with friends, which records his recent thoughts. This is a compilation of works that Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao and Zhang Zai read with him during the mourning period, when they were at the wake for their mother in Lengquan Jingshe. This is an important book called "China's first philosophical anthology, the outline of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the outline of Zhuzi's philosophy" (the introduction of Chen Yongji's Golden Note).
Before Zhu Zi died, some people began to compile his works. After Zhu's death, with the continuous improvement of Zhu's status, the phenomenon of collecting and sorting out Zhu's works of different types and contents into books became more and more serious. The Qing Dynasty was the most prosperous period for compiling works. Not only the government has shown great interest in this, but also the people's enthusiasm is very high. Books such as Daquan, Quanshu, Classified Compilation, Classified Compilation, Complete Works, and Grand Complete Works emerge one after another. The Complete Works of Zhu edited by Li Guangdi, a great scholar, is the most influential book, but it is also an incomplete book. Therefore, to be exact, in the more than 800 years after Zhu's death, there was no real Complete Works of Zhu. This is a pity.