? The replacement of primitive society by slave society is the inevitable result of the development of productive forces and the progressive phenomenon of social history. With the development of productive forces and the realization of social division of labor, intellectuals and schools have emerged, and schools are places to educate children. The appearance of schools indicates that education has entered a new stage of historical development. School is the common product of political and economic interaction in slave society, separation of brain and body and development of cultural knowledge. Because the school is a special educational place, it needs a fixed place, full-time educators, specific educational objects, planned and organized educational activities, and relatively rich and systematic teaching content, so that education can be differentiated from the general production and life process and become an independent form of social activities. In the history of the development of human society, schools were born in Asia, Babylon, Egypt, India, Hebrew, China and other eastern countries before western Greece and Rome, and at the earliest after the birth of slave society.
? The emergence of school education is the product of the development of human society to a certain historical stage, and it is also a major leap in the development of human education. It is generally believed that schools germinated at the end of primitive society, but school education, as an independent social practice department, only appeared in slavery society. The emergence of school education needs to meet the following conditions:
? (1) The improvement of social production level provides the necessary material foundation for the emergence of schools. Due to the development of productive forces, a considerable amount of surplus products can be provided for the society, so that some people in society can get rid of productive labor and specialize in teaching and learning activities. .
? (2) The separation of mental labor and manual labor provides intellectuals who specialize in educational activities for the emergence of schools. Witch, history, divination and festival are the earliest intellectuals in China who were divorced from production. The separation of mental labor and manual labor has promoted the development of culture and education and social progress in a long historical period, which is a necessary condition for the emergence of schools.
? (3) The generation of words and the recording and arrangement of knowledge have reached a certain level, which makes it possible for human beings to transfer indirect experience. Writing is the only tool to record the cultural knowledge and experience summarized by human beings. Therefore, it is possible to establish the main place of education and teaching-school only after the writing is produced. In ancient civilization, China was one of the first countries to produce written language. Abroad, Babylon and Assyria produced the oldest hieroglyphics (the precursor of cuneiform) around 3000 BC. Egypt also produced characters (originally hieroglyphics) around 2000 BC. Around 2000 BC, India also produced a kind of picture writing. It is in the place where these oldest words were produced that schools appeared one after another. At the same time, the accumulation of knowledge to a certain extent will also strengthen the social demand for setting up specialized institutions to impart cultural knowledge.
? (4) The emergence of state machinery requires specialized educational institutions to train officials and intellectuals. The establishment of the country means that the class opposition is deeper than that in the period of the disintegration of primitive society, and the rulers urgently need to cultivate their own heirs and strengthen their ideological rule over the ruled. In other words, whether it is "building the country to govern the people" or "transforming the people into customs", schools must be established.
? Generally speaking, schools were born in slave society. With schools, education has become a relatively independent specialized field in human social practice, thus greatly improving the degree of specialization in education implementation and having independent social functions. According to China's ancient books, Yao, Xu, Jiao and Zong once existed in China's slave society, and later developed a system of Chinese studies and rural studies combining politics with education. In feudal society, the school system tends to be perfect. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, there was a fairly complete academic system. In Kyoto, Confucianism includes Hong Wen Pavilion, Chongwen Pavilion, Guozixue, imperial academy and Imperial College, and specialized schools in Kyoto include law, calligraphy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, music schools and technical schools. Local schools include government, state and county schools and private township schools. In the west, Sparta and Athens in ancient Greece produced grammar schools, string piano schools, gymnastics schools and youth military training regiments and other educational institutions. At the end of the ancient Egyptian dynasty, court schools appeared. Although the medieval period was closed and backward, there were also church schools, official schools of secular feudal lords and later city universities and guild schools.
? 2. Distinctive class nature and strict hierarchy.
? In class society, education is the privilege of the ruling class, and the ruled class can only receive family education among the people. Even within the ruling class, the children of the ruling class have strict grading rules when they enter the school.
? Slave society attaches great importance to the class nature of education, and children of non-ruling classes cannot or have no right to enter schools to receive formal education. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, "learning from officials" was limited to recruiting princes, princes, sons of princes and doctors of officials, while rural studies only accepted sons of slave owners and nobles to learn "six arts" in order to train officials of all sizes in the country. Western schools in ancient Greece, Sparta and Athens were specially designed for the aristocratic class. Palace schools in ancient Egypt only recruited princes, grandchildren and nobles. Working people can only receive natural education through the words and deeds of their elders and teachers in their production and life. In feudal society, education in all countries is characterized by class and religion. The performance of the hierarchical system is that the children of the ruling class should also enter different levels of schools according to their family background and official positions. The level of a school is closely related to the appointment of officials and the distribution of rights. Religion mainly means that in the Middle Ages in the West, education was monopolized by the church, secular education was stifled, and schools were attached to the church. The purpose of education is to train monks and professionals who serve religion.
? 3. The development of Chinese characters and the appearance of ancient books have enriched the educational content and improved the educational function. Chinese characters and ancient books not only materialized the experience of human production and life on the tools of production and life, but also began to accumulate knowledge forms and pass them on to the next generation. However, the educational content attaches importance to social laws and regulations, ignoring the imparting of production knowledge. For example, the rulers of ancient Greece and Athens advocated cultural learning, the rulers of Sparta advocated military training, and the Brahman caste, which practiced religious rule in ancient India, paid attention to theological learning. In ancient China, from the "Six Arts" in slave society to the "Four Books" and "Five Classics" in feudal society, Confucian classics have always been regarded as compulsory reading materials for students.
? 4. Education is divorced from productive labor, and schools despise manual labor, forming the opposition of "those who work hard manage others, and those who work hard manage others".
? Once education is divorced from production practice and becomes the privilege of the ruling class, the two will move from separation to opposition. Scholars regard getting rid of labor as their basic pursuit of learning, so they advocate "listening to things outside the window and concentrating on reading sage books" Because of the pressure of life, workers lose the right to enter school, so they have no chance to study. In the whole ancient society, the separation of brain and body was not only an idea and public opinion advocated by the ruling class, but also a social system regulation.
? 5. The educational methods are promoting books, rote memorization, forced corporal punishment and stick discipline.
? In ancient China, the basic teaching method of teachers in schools and private schools was reading until death, which was directly related to the form of social talent selection at that time. Those who can't finish their academic tasks on time or don't listen to the teacher's instructions will be punished by corporal punishment. "Xia and Chu are two things. Accept their prestige."
? 6. The parallel education system of public and private schools.
? There are two levels of ancient official credits: central and local. Local official schools refer to schools run by local governments, and the school funds come from official fees. The "rural school" in the Western Zhou Dynasty was a local official school. The school system, which was directly organized and managed by the feudal dynasty and aimed at cultivating all kinds of senior ruling talents, was the central official school. Central official school originated in Han dynasty, flourished in Tang dynasty and declined in late Qing dynasty. Going hand in hand with official education and moving towards folk education is private education. Private schools began in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Confucius and Shao Zhengmao were the founders of private schools. China's private school was accompanied by the whole historical process of ancient China society.
? 7. The teaching organization form of individual teaching or collective individual teaching
? The handicraft production mode in ancient society determined the individual teaching form in education. In ancient China, Confucius' private schools, as well as numerous official schools and private schools, were mostly taught individually or collectively at most. As for the court schools and official schools in the west, the same is true.
I hope I can help you and adopt it.