Primary education institutions first appeared in Germany in16th century. They were received by towns and taught practical knowledge and Protestantism. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/7th century, the number of such schools gradually increased, and they became institutions that implemented compulsory education. After the bourgeois revolution, European countries and Japan were successively established. Modern schools and education systems were introduced to China by western missionaries and Japanese students studying in China. /kloc-At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, He Ziyuan, Qiu and other founders of modern education in China, first of all, ruled out the interference of stubborn conservative forces, successfully introduced western learning (American education), established new schools, and brought civilian education into the vision of the Manchu court. Under the pressure of the situation, the Qing government had to make an exception and carry out educational innovation. At the end of 1905, a new academic system was promulgated, the imperial examination system was abolished, and new schools were popularized throughout the country. In Xuantongyuan year (1909), after the local imperial examination really stopped, western learning gradually became the main form of school education. Primary schools are divided into primary schools and institutions of higher learning. primary school

19 15, the national government changed the primary school hall into a national school, "aiming at imparting the foundation of national morality and the general knowledge and skills necessary for national life". He entered school at the age of six and studied for four years. After graduation, you can be promoted to a higher primary school according to the specific situation. In addition, preparatory schools have been set up, parallel to state schools and higher primary schools, "with the aim of giving primary general education and preparing for entering secondary schools". National schools are divided into the first four years and the last three years. 1922, ethnic schools were still transformed into primary schools, and preparatory courses were cancelled. 1940, the national government implemented the so-called "integration of management, teaching, education and health care", stipulating that each township should set up a central ethnic school (equivalent to a central primary school), with the township head as the captain and principal of the rural able-bodied man, and each ethnic school should set up one (equivalent to a small village), with the principal as the school director.

middle school

After the Opium War, western civilization was introduced to China, and missionaries began to set up schools in China as missionary tools. With the establishment of missionary schools in China, people of insight in China, such as Ziyuan and Qiu, have raised funds or applied for government funding to set up schools. Some of these schools have the nature of secondary education, such as Shi Jing Wentong Museum, Shanghai Cantonese Museum and Fuzhou Gezhi Academy after the reform of "eight-year consistent system". Although the academic system was not established at that time, and these schools were not middle schools in the strict sense, as the germination of middle school education, it is necessary to make textual research on their internal administrative organizations.

With the development of the times, education is also progressing. During the Reform Movement of 1898, education in China developed from the initial "one-level system" to "two-level system". For example, in 1895, Sheng Xuanhuai approved the establishment of Tianjin Chinese and western schools, such as branch schools (foreign so-called universities) and second-class schools (foreign so-called primary schools). After graduation, the first class of the second-class schools will be promoted to the first-class schools, and the rest will be promoted according to their degrees. This is the earliest graded school in China, but there is still no clear "middle school". By 1896, Sun Jiading's book On the Opening of Shi Jing University was still limited to primary schools and universities, and it could not be called "middle school" in the modern sense. From 65438 to 0896, Sheng Xuanhuai founded Nanyang Public College, which was divided into four schools: foreign studies, middle schools, Shanghai schools and normal schools, and began to have a "three-stage" form, that is, middle schools were equivalent to middle schools, which was the beginning of middle school education in China. When Nanyang College was founded, there was a prime minister, equivalent to today's "principal"; A member of the ordinary teaching staff, in charge of the whole school education, is equivalent to today's provost; In addition, there are academic directors and other positions. For example, Cai Yuanpei served as the chief teacher when he was in Nanyang College.