2. Educational scientific research methods:
1. Observation is a widely used method in educational science research. According to a certain purpose and plan, researchers systematically and continuously observe the research object under natural conditions, and make accurate, specific and detailed records, so as to fully and correctly grasp the situation to be studied. Observation method is not limited to naked eye observation and listening to notes, but also includes audio-visual tools, such as tape recorders, video recorders, movie machines and so on. The steps of observation method are as follows: ① Make full preparations in advance and make an observation plan. First, have a general understanding of the observed phenomena, and then determine the purpose, content and focus of observation according to the characteristics of research tasks and research objects. If the situation is complicated or contains a lot of content, you can observe it in groups. Finally, make the whole observation plan and determine the times, time, recording paper, forms, instruments, etc. used in the whole observation process; And consider how to keep the observed object normal and so on. ② Carry out actual observation as planned. In this process, we should strictly follow the plan and improvise when necessary. Choose the most suitable observation position, concentrate, write down the key points, and don't be disturbed by irrelevant phenomena. When observing, you can make records in time with the help of instruments, and don't recall afterwards. (3) Organize the materials in time, summarize a large number of scattered materials with statistical techniques, delete all wrong materials, and then analyze the typical materials. If there are any omissions, correct them in time, and deal with the materials reflecting special circumstances separately.
2. Literature method comprehensively and correctly grasps the situation to be studied by reading relevant books, materials and documents. The documents to be consulted should be first-hand information. If it is a second-hand material, you must identify the authenticity before you can choose. The steps of literature method are: collecting documents related to research issues, such as books, materials, documents, original records, etc. Then choose important and practical materials and read them in an appropriate order. Read the relevant literature in detail, extract it while reading and establish an outline. According to the outline, arrange the extracted materials into strips. Analyze research materials and write reports. When using this method, we should pay attention to: before consulting the literature, we should have knowledge preparation related to the research question, otherwise it is difficult to draw correct conclusions from the analysis of the materials.
3. Through personal contact and extensive understanding in a planned way (including oral or written, direct or indirect), investigators can fully grasp the actual history, present situation and development trend of education, and on the basis of mastering a large number of first-hand materials, analyze and synthesize them to find scientific conclusions to guide future educational practice activities. The investigation method is generally carried out in the natural process, and the materials reflecting the research phenomenon are collected through interviews, questionnaires, surveys and tests. In the process of investigation, observation is often used as a means to investigate and check materials. When necessary, investigation methods can be combined with historical research methods and experimental methods. The steps of investigation method are: ① preparation. Select the respondents, determine the scope of investigation, and understand the basic situation of the respondents; Learn relevant theories and materials, and draw up investigation plans, forms, questionnaires, talk outlines, etc. Plan the procedures and methods of investigation and make all necessary arrangements. ② Carry out investigation activities as planned and collect data in various ways. When necessary, the plan can be adjusted according to the changes in actual conditions to ensure the normal development of the investigation. (3) sorting materials. Including classification, statistics, analysis and synthesis, and writing investigation and research reports.
4. Statistical methods Through observation, testing, investigation and experiment, a large number of data materials are statistically classified, and the results of quantitative analysis of the educational phenomena studied are obtained. This is the application of mathematical statistics in education. Statistics can be used to test the administrative efficiency of education, rationally allocate educational funds, determine the weight of courses, and scientifically compare students' achievements. In the practical work of education, it is often used to describe statistical research, such as sorting out a large number of data from experiments or surveys, finding out the distribution characteristics of these data, and calculating the concentration trend, divergence trend or correlation coefficient. And simplify a large number of data to find out the information conveyed. Inference statistics can also be further used, that is, the information obtained through descriptive statistics can be used to infer the local overall situation. In recent decades, with the development of statistics, experimental design has been put forward, which requires that the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables listed in the design be tested in more rigorous experimental research. Statistical methods are generally divided into two steps: statistical classification. Organize data, make it into a system, classify statistics, and make statistical tables or charts. Quantitative analysis. Through data calculation, find out the concentration trend, deviation trend or correlation coefficient, and find out the measures to improve the work. To master statistical methods, we must learn scientific reasoning methods and master statistical calculation skills.
5. Behavior research is a comprehensive research method. It is mainly used for observing and visiting, understanding children's behaviors, conducting analysis and research, and exploring the laws of children's behaviors, so as to take concrete measures to help children correct their behaviors, so it is also called behavior modification method. Skinner, an American psychologist, is the main representative of modern behavior correction school. He advocates controlling the situation and adopting praise and reinforcement to correct children's behavior. The steps of this method are: ① Observe and record children's behaviors in detail. (2) According to the observation results and records, make a concrete analysis of children's behavior and determine the content and procedure of behavior correction. (3) to help children change their behavior as planned. ④ Attention should be paid to whether the reinforcement is timely, whether the material reinforcement is accompanied by verbal appreciation, whether the reinforcement methods are diversified, whether the reinforcement is appropriate, and whether the person who gives the reinforcement gains the trust of the children. There is generally no need for punishment.
6. Historical research methods Through the analysis and research of rich educational practices and educational ideas in human history, we can understand the regularity of educational development and use it to guide today's educational work. Historical research needs extensive reference to literature, which is related to literary laws, but it cannot be equated with literary laws. The literature method does not necessarily study the whole process of a phenomenon, and the historical research method is not limited to only consulting literature. The steps of historical research methods are: the collection of historical materials. Historical materials related to research issues should be collected as much as possible, such as government education decrees, rules and regulations, resolutions, plans, regulations and other materials; It is also necessary to collect works, reports, novels and other related materials that reflect the educational situation at that time. There should be not only written historical materials, but also non-written historical materials. Identification of historical materials. We should not only identify the authenticity of the collected historical materials through various means, but also identify the authenticity of historical materials that have long been recognized by everyone. The use of historical materials. After the identification of historical materials, we should analyze them from the viewpoint of historical materialism, analyze concrete things, critically inherit them, take their essence and discard their dross.
7. Comparative law Comparative law is a comparative study of different manifestations of certain educational phenomena in different periods, different social systems, different places and different situations, thus revealing the universal law of education and its special manifestations. Using comparative method, we should consider the social and economic system, political system, historical tradition, scientific and technological development and cultural development level, educational theory and its reflection in educational practice of various countries, and make clear comparable indicators. Only in this way can we correctly grasp the basic trend of education development in a certain country and make clear what we can learn from it. Perform the following steps: ① Description. Describing the external characteristics of the educational phenomenon in the compared countries requires accuracy and objectivity, and provides necessary information for further analysis and comparison. 2 finishing. Collate the collected relevant data, such as making statistical data, explaining, analyzing and evaluating, and establishing comparison standards; If necessary, study the changes of some materials in the historical development, so as to deeply understand the current situation of the analyzed educational objects. 3 contrast. Compare and contrast the data, find out the similarities, differences and gaps, and put forward suggestions for rational use. The application of comparative method can not be separated from the cooperation of other methods, and the comparative method itself also requires scientific and quantitative.
8. Analytical method, or logical analysis method, is a method to analyze and study the collected materials. This method itself includes specific methods such as analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, induction and deduction. Analysis is to divide the complex educational phenomenon into its constituent elements, extract its various characteristics, observe and analyze the nature and characteristics of each constituent element respectively. After analysis, it must be synthetic. That is, according to the results of analysis, all the elements of things or phenomena are combined into a whole to understand. There is no synthesis without analysis. Abstraction is to extract the basic and essential things from an educational phenomenon, throw away the superficial and non-essential attributes, and concentrate on grasping the essence of things, while generalization is to extract its essential attributes from some educational phenomena, thus forming concepts. Induction is a reasoning method from individual to general, that is, it summarizes the general characteristics of similar educational phenomena studied. Deduction is a method of reasoning from the general to the individual. The analysis method has a great influence on the research results, and the analysis work must be carried out seriously, especially with the correct methodology as guidance.
9. Experimental methods Under the condition of artificially controlling educational phenomena, the changes and results of educational phenomena were observed purposefully and planned. It can make observation and recording more accurate, facilitate understanding the influence of various conditions and ensure the accuracy of research work. Experimental methods can be divided into laboratory experimental methods and natural experimental methods. The former is basically carried out under artificial conditions, and various complicated instruments and modern technologies can be used. The latter is carried out under the normal conditions of daily education. Most educational experiments are carried out through natural experiments, but laboratory experiments are also needed to study some problems. No matter which experimental method is adopted, it is necessary to ensure that the subjects are in a normal state. Experimental methods are generally divided into three types: single group method. Experiment a group or a class to observe the effect difference between applying an experimental factor and not applying an experimental factor or applying another experimental factor at different times. Equal group method. Apply different experimental factors to two classes or groups with similar conditions in all aspects, and then compare the effects. Circular method. Several different experimental factors are applied to several different classes or groups in a predetermined order, and then the effects of each factor are added together for comparison. The steps of the experimental method are as follows: ① Decide the experimental method and organizational form, and draw up the experimental plan. ② Create experimental conditions and prepare experimental equipment. Before the experiment, according to the purpose of the experiment, draw up the test questions, prepare teaching AIDS, instruments and recording forms, unify the standards, draw up recording methods and symbols, and try to control the experimental factors to keep the important factors unchanged or less changed. (3) experiment. Accurate and detailed records should be made during the experiment, and accurate tests should be made at all stages. In order to rule out contingency, the experiment can be repeated many times. ④ Processing of experimental results. Consider the role of various factors, carefully check the conclusion, and strive to eliminate the role of accidental factors. Related to the experimental method is the simulation method, that is, the method of creating special analogues (models) or situations. Scientific simulation is convenient for accurate analysis, and the conclusion is applied to real environment. Such as creating a language environment in foreign language teaching, foreign language drama teaching, direct teaching experiments, etc.
10, the case study method conducts in-depth and specific research on a single person or thing. The person or thing studied may or may not be representative. Through the study and comparison of some cases, we can find out the regular things to guide our work. Case study is usually combined with typical investigation, and the steps are similar to investigation. Generally, it refers to: understanding and determining the object of case study. Observe, investigate and collect data. Conduct case studies and write analysis reports.
The historical research method of educational science refers to the method of sorting out, explaining, evaluating and predicting tasks by collecting historical facts about the development and evolution of an educational phenomenon and systematically analyzing them.