Confucius advocated "education without class" (Wei Linggong), that is, the educated should have equal opportunities, not the distinction between noble and low. This thought broke the hierarchy of education, expanded the object of education and extended education to the general public, which was undoubtedly of great progressive significance at that time.
Second, about the basic methods of education.
Confucius advocated "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". Confucius said, "If you are above an China person, you can also talk orally; Below China people, you can't say it orally. " That is to say, for people with above average intelligence, you can talk to him about profound truth; People with below-average intelligence should not talk to him about profound truth. In order to carry out this thought, Confucius attached great importance to students' observation and understanding, such as "visiting Guo Ye", "giving to others" and "seeking Ye Yi". On this basis, he adopted different ways of education, such as Ran Qiu's timidity, so we should encourage him; Lutz is bold and self-righteous, so we should restrain him deliberately. Namely: "Seek retreat, so advance; Because I am also a person, I retired. " (Advanced) Confucius also attached importance to the induced enlightenment education. Instead of studying for life and death, it is more important to draw inferences from others, that is, the so-called "telling the past and knowing who will come" (Xueji). Xia Zi talked about the poem "Smiling skillfully, looking forward to Xi with beautiful eyes, always thinking it is gorgeous", thus realizing that "ceremony" should be based on loyalty, benevolence and righteousness, so Confucius praised him: "Giving is also business! It is enough to believe in "poetry". " The person who can inspire me is Xia Zi! Now I can talk to you about the Book of Songs. After listening to the teacher's lecture, Yan Yuan was "rich enough" (politics), and Zi Gong also said that he was "knowledgeable when he heard one thing" (Gong Yechang), so Confucius especially praised Yan Yuan for his cleverness and eagerness to learn. This is the inevitable result of enlightening and inducing education. Confucius particularly emphasized that "if you don't get angry, you won't get angry, you won't get angry, you won't get angry, and you won't get angry if you don't take one corner to top three corners." I won't enlighten him until he thinks hard and can't figure it out, and I won't enlighten him until he wants to talk, but he doesn't understand. If he can't give three examples, I won't teach him any more. Confucius also stressed that on the basis of enlightenment and induction, we must pay attention to gradual progress, that is, "Confucius is good and charming, knowledgeable and polite, and can't stop, not only exhausting my talents, but also surprising." Although I also want to follow, but in the end there is no reason! "(Zi Han) This situation, which makes students study hard but can't stop, is a portrayal of persuasion education and occupies an important position in the history of education in China.
Third, the basic content of education.
Confucius has been engaged in education for a long time, with a wide range of educational contents, but the teaching materials he used mostly followed the six arts used in aristocratic schools in Zhou Dynasty, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, Yi, Spring and Autumn. "Zi Yan is polite, while Poetry and Book are respected." ("Shu Er") "Xing,, becomes joy." (Taber) "If you don't learn poetry, you can't speak." "If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand." (Ji Shi) It can be seen that Confucius used poetry, books, rites and music as common teaching materials to educate students. As for the content of the Book of Changes, it was only in his later years that Confucius studied and put it into teaching. Confucius said, "Learn the Book of Changes in fifty years (Book II). It may also be because the Book of Changes and The Spring and Autumn Annals are relatively advanced subjects, and only a few elite students can study them, so it is said that "two out of seventy people are proficient in the six arts" (Confucius' home). So, among these teaching contents, what does Confucius attach most importance to? From many ideas in The Analects of Confucius, we can see that poetry and etiquette are the main courses of Confucius' teaching. Confucius said, "If you don't learn poetry, you have nothing to say." ("Ji's") "Recite 300 Poems and teach them to be political." ("Lutz") "Three hundred poems. In a word, it is' naive thinking'. " ("Politics") and said: "Li Xia, I can say that it is not enough; Li Yin, what I can say is not enough in the Song Dynasty. Lack of literature. That's enough, then we can collect it. " ("Bashu") "Yin gains and loses, because, so you can know; Zhou's gains and losses are also well known. "These thoughts show that Confucius not only attaches importance to the education of poetic rites, but also attaches importance to the summary, excavation and research of these contents, which has played an important role in enriching and perfecting the content of ancient Chinese education.
Fourth, the training goal of education.
Let's talk about learning —————————
The learning thought in The Analects of Confucius plays an important role in the history of education at all times and in all countries, and is worth learning from today. These ideas can be summarized as follows:
1, learning attitude.
Confucius believes that the pursuit of knowledge first lies in loving and enjoying learning, which is the key. Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." Yongye is the person who really loves it, and the person who is happy for it can really learn it well. Yan Yuan, praised by Confucius, has this kind of studious optimism. "A scoop of food and a scoop of drink, in a mean lane, people can't bear to worry, and they won't change their fun when they go back." ("Yongye") Secondly, we should "study silently and never tire of learning". In other words, learning should have a down-to-earth spirit, remember what you have learned silently, and study hard if you are not satisfied. Third, despite the difficulties, we should concentrate on progress. Confucius said, "It is not enough for a scholar to have lofty aspirations and be ashamed of those who have insufficient food and clothing." People who study should be determined to pursue morality and truth, concentrate on it and not be world-weary. At the same time, he also believes that the pursuit of knowledge is a difficult process, and we should dare to meet the difficulties. "Those who lack strength will waste the middle way, and today's female painting is also." ("Yongye") In view of Ran Qiu's belief that he is not competent enough in learning, Confucius believes that those who are not competent enough give up halfway. Now you have crossed the line of insufficient ability, in fact, because you have not persisted. Here, Confucius encouraged Ran Qiu to advance despite difficulties, and only in this way can he gain enlightenment. In fact, Confucius himself was "angry and forgot to eat, happy and forgot to worry, I don't know that old age is coming" ("Uncle"). Fourth, we should be open-minded and not ashamed to ask questions. Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " ("Shu Er") This shows that a teacher without knowledge should pay attention to learning from others anytime and anywhere, learning from their strengths and making up for their own shortcomings. At the same time, Confucius advocated and praised the learning spirit of "being eager to learn and not ashamed to ask questions". "See the sage Si Qi, but if you don't see him, you will be introspective." (Li Ren) embodies Confucius' rigorous attitude towards learning.
2. About learning methods.
In his conversation with his disciples, Confucius mentioned the problem of learning methods in many places. The most famous is "it's not bad to study from time to time." (Xue Ji) "Reviewing the past and learning new things can be a teacher." At the same time, Confucius also emphasized the combination of learning and thinking and the courage to practice. He said: "It is useless to learn without thinking, and it is dangerous to think without learning." (Politics) Reading without thinking will make you feel confused, and dreaming without reading will make you mentally exhausted. People are required to combine learning accumulation with learning and thinking, and one thing cannot be neglected. In addition, Confucius also attached great importance to Excellence, "such as cutting, such as grinding", and opposed a little knowledge.
3. About the content of learning.
Confucius advocated that learning should be broad and broad, not biased and single. He put forward four things as his study outline, namely "writing, action, loyalty and faith" (Book II). That is, cultural knowledge, moral cultivation, loyalty, to the letter. These four contents are of great significance to yourself and others. While attaching importance to erudition, Confucius also emphasized that learning should grasp the fundamental things. Confucius said, "If you give it, should a woman learn more from the knower?" Right: "Of course, right or wrong?" He said, "No, give it consistency." Here, when Confucius answered Zi Gong's question, he explained that his "learning more" was relative. On the basis of knowing more, I used a truth to run through my theory. This truth is the foundation of learning, and learning focuses on grasping the foundation. Confucius indirectly explained the relationship between erudition and elegance here, which is worth learning.
4. About the purpose of learning.
Confucius believes that learning must have a clear purpose, but the key point is "applying what you have learned". Confucius said: "Recite 300 Poems and teach them to be political, not to achieve;" Make it everywhere, not just right; Although a lot, what do you think? " ("Lutz") That is to say, I read 300 "The Book of Songs" and gave him political tasks, but I couldn't; Send him to a foreign country, but he can't handle it independently; In this way, although the book has been read a lot, what is the use? He also said: "I am worried if I don't practice morality, don't talk about learning, and I can't migrate if I am not good at it." In other words, if we don't cultivate our moral quality, teach our knowledge, do just things and correct our mistakes, then we can't combine theory with practice. This is exactly what we are worried about. It can be seen that the purpose of reading is not to memorize, but to apply what you have learned, to apply what you have learned, to draw inferences from others and to use knowledge flexibly. This thought is also reflected in the thoughts of Xia Zi, a student of Confucius. Xia Zi said: "To be an official, you must learn. If you learn, you will be an official." (Lutz) That is to say, if an official has spare capacity, he should study. After studying, he can become an official if he has spare capacity. This idea also embodies the relationship between learning and use in essence. If you want to be a good official, you must study. The purpose of learning should be to be a better official, which embodies the relationship between learning and application. It also embodies the purpose of Confucius' private school, that is, to cultivate talents with both ability and political integrity through education, so that they can directly enter the political arena or train political talents as teachers. Of course, in Confucius' view, the purpose of learning is also to pursue morality and truth, "aspire to Taoism" and "learn Taoism" ("cultivate people")