The training objectives for universities and scientific research institutions to recruit postgraduates are: to develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way, and to master solid basic theories and systematic professional knowledge in this discipline; Master a foreign language; Have the ability to engage in scientific research, teaching or independently undertake professional and technical work.
The training objectives of recruiting doctoral students in universities and scientific research institutions are: to develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way, to master the solid and extensive basic theory and systematic and in-depth professional knowledge of this discipline, to have the ability to engage in scientific research independently, and to achieve creative results in science or professional technology.
According to the different learning styles, graduate students in China can be divided into full-time graduate students and part-time graduate students. The former refers to full-time graduate students studying in institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, also known as full-time graduate students; The latter refers to graduate students who still undertake certain tasks in their original jobs during their school days.
According to the different entrance and assessment methods, full-time graduate students can be divided into the following categories:
Apply for a master's (doctor's) degree with the same academic ability, and the on-the-job staff will study for a master's (doctor's) degree (including taking the entrance examination in 10 to study for a professional degree, taking the national entrance examination for management in 1 0, taking the on-the-job master's degree for teachers in colleges and universities, and the on-the-job master's degree for teachers in secondary vocational schools, etc. ) and obtain a master's degree certificate and a degree certificate through separate examinations.
According to the different funding channels during school, graduate students can be divided into national planned graduate students, entrusted graduate students (referred to as entrusted graduate students) and self-funded graduate students. ① Non-directional graduate students
Non-directional graduate students should obey the national employment guidance when they graduate, and implement a two-way employment selection system of independent selection, recommendation by enrollment units and selection by employers. Tuition fees are all provided by the state and schools, accommodation fees need to be borne by themselves, and the relationship between household registration and archives needs to be changed.
② Oriented graduate students
A. Orientation training for graduate students refers to the graduate students who specify their work units after graduation by contract at the time of enrollment, and the training expenses during their study period are provided by the state to the training units according to the prescribed standards.
B. Employers, that is, institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutions focusing on basic research, state key enterprises (determined by the State Education Commission in consultation with relevant departments), government, party and state organs, cultural, medical and health institutions funded by the People's Liberation Army and other public welfare institutions, may request directional training of graduate students. In addition to the above scope, the employer's demand for graduate students shall not be directed, and the employer can only provide training expenses and entrusted training. Training units or their competent departments shall not expand the scope of directional training employers by themselves.
C. Orientation students must sign an orientation training agreement signed by the candidate's work unit, the admission school and the candidate himself before admission. Files, personnel, registered permanent residence, and salary relations remain in the original work unit, and after graduation, they will work in the targeted area or unit according to the contract.
D. Directional student source form: First, the employer recommends the on-the-job personnel trained by the unit to take postgraduate entrance examinations; The second is to select from the on-the-job personnel who take part in the national unified examination; The third is to select from those who recommend undergraduate graduates to be master students. Take the above three forms of directional students, by the admissions unit is responsible for the enrollment work, according to the standards stipulated by the State Education Commission for primary selection, and put forward the admission list, after consultation with the employer (the second and third forms of directional students must also obtain the consent of the candidates themselves), after signing the contract, the admissions unit will issue the admission notice. After taking the first form of on-the-job personnel are admitted as graduate students, they will not change their working relationship during their study and enjoy the original salary and welfare benefits; The second and third forms of admission as graduate students are treated the same as full-time graduate students, that is, they enjoy the living allowance stipulated by the state during their study. The employer of the targeted students can also provide some living allowances for the targeted students.
E. Contents of contract management for graduate orientation training
The contract system will be adopted for directional training of graduate students. Before enrollment, colleges and universities and employers, employers and graduate students must sign directional training contracts respectively according to the requirements, and handle notarization. Before the signing of the contract, the training unit shall not issue the admission notice to the directional training graduate students.
The contents of the contract between units should include: enrollment major, enrollment number, candidates' names, training requirements, treatment and management during postgraduate study, validity period of the contract, liability for breach of contract and other contents deemed necessary by both parties.
The contents of the contract signed by the employer and the graduate students should include: the major of graduate study, the work arrangement and minimum service life after graduation, the treatment provided by the employer during the postgraduate study, the validity period of the contract, the liability for breach of contract and other contents that both parties think necessary. (1) The concept of entrusted postgraduate training and its difference from the national plan to train postgraduate students.
A. It is an important reform of China's graduate enrollment plan and graduate distribution system to recruit and commission graduate students in colleges and universities. It has played a positive role in encouraging colleges and universities to tap their potential, training more graduate students and better meeting the social demand for senior professionals.
B. Colleges and universities should implement the contract system when recruiting graduate students entrusted for training. Commissioned training contracts should be signed by the entrusting unit and the training unit, the entrusting unit and the entrusted students. The training expenses for entrusted students are provided by the entrusting unit, and they will work in the entrusting unit after graduation. Commissioned students enjoy the same treatment as master students in the national plan during their study and after graduation.
C. The main difference between the graduate students entrusted for training and the graduate students enrolled by the state plan: the source of training expenses and the way of graduation distribution are different.
The training funds for entrusted postgraduate training are provided by the entrusting unit and returned to the entrusting unit after graduation; The state plans to recruit graduate students, and the funds for postgraduate training are provided by the state. Under the guidance of the national plan, non-directional students choose their own volunteers, which are recommended by the enrollment unit and selected by the employer. After graduation, the targeted students will work in the targeted areas or units according to the contract.
(2) The basic content of contract management of entrusted training graduate students.
A. Colleges and universities should implement the contract system when recruiting and training graduate students. The entrusted training contract shall be signed by the entrusting unit and the training unit, and signed by the entrusting unit and the entrusted graduate students.
B. The contract between the entrusting unit and the training unit shall include enrollment specialty, enrollment number, training requirements, treatment and management during the entrusted postgraduate study, graduation distribution method, the amount and distribution method of training expenses, the validity period of the contract and the responsibilities that the entrusting party should bear.
C. The contract signed between the entrusting unit and the graduate students entrusted for training should include the main contents such as the volunteer of entrusted training, the major studied, the treatment during the study period, the graduation distribution method, the minimum working years in the entrusting unit, the validity period of the contract, and the responsibilities of those who violate the contract.
D. in order to maintain the seriousness of the contract, notarization procedures should be handled.
(3) the form of entrusted training of graduate students.
A. Select from the graduate students enrolled by the enrollment unit;
B. The entrusting unit recommends the on-the-job personnel of the unit to take the postgraduate entrance examination of the enrollment unit;
C. Try out the methods of enrolling students by entrusting units (the disciplines and majors to be enrolled must have the right to award degrees) and cultivating enrollment units.
Take the first and second forms to entrust enrollment, and the whole enrollment work shall be undertaken by the enrollment unit, and the primary list shall be put forward according to the prescribed standards. After discussion and agreement with the entrusting unit (the first form of entrusting students must obtain the consent of the candidates themselves), and after signing the contract, the admissions unit will issue an admission notice.
Take the third form of entrusted training students, by the entrusting unit according to the admission criteria put forward a primary list, with the consent of the admissions unit teachers, teaching and research section, department (institute) review, and with the approval of the dean of the graduate school, I agree, by the admissions unit and the entrusting unit jointly issued a notice of admission, or by the entrusting unit after admission, transferred to the admissions unit. Self-funded graduate students, namely self-funded graduate students. Self-funded and unplanned postgraduate fees shall be implemented in accordance with relevant state documents. Transfer the relationship between household registration and archives when entering school. Unplanned graduate students also need to take the national examination, and the examination content is the same as that of planned graduate students. Candidates whose test scores exceed the minimum score prescribed by the state but cannot be enrolled in the plan can apply for unplanned admission to the academic affairs office of the college (department, institute or center) where they apply in time. The teaching arrangement is the same as that of the planned graduate students. After completing the credits, you can get the same graduation certificate and degree certificate as the planned graduate students through the thesis.
Among the three types of graduate students, the proportion of non-directional graduate students (that is, publicly-funded graduate students) planned by the state is getting less and less, and with the continuous expansion of enrollment scale, the number and proportion of self-funded graduate students are also increasing. In the long run, it is an unchangeable trend to fully charge graduate students. The postgraduate stage, like the university stage, is not compulsory education, so naturally it is impossible to use taxpayers' money completely and bear part of it by itself. Especially in China, a country with a serious shortage of education funds, compulsory education funds need to be increased urgently, and primary and secondary school students in rural and poverty-stricken areas can't go to school completely, so the postgraduate training funds can only keep a certain proportion. Graduate students can have higher teaching, scientific research and working ability, generally speaking, they can get better jobs and higher pay, and limited investment can have considerable returns. Moreover, in a relatively developed society, there are only a few people who are qualified for graduate studies, and appropriate fees are also reasonable restrictions on admission qualifications.
According to statistics, the cost of training a graduate student is about 30,000 yuan, and it takes 45,000 yuan to train a doctoral student. Since the enrollment expansion of colleges and universities, China's graduate education has developed rapidly. According to statistics, 1998, there are 45,000 graduate students and 45,000 doctoral students. In 2005, there were 370,000 graduate students enrolled, including 310.6 million graduate students and 54,000 doctoral students.
Some newly established postgraduate education, such as MBA, has been charged. Postgraduate education is not compulsory, and charging is the general trend. In the past, the state supported some publicly-funded graduate students because the country was in urgent need of talents at this level. In April, 20 13, the executive meeting of the State Council has deployed and improved the investment mechanism for graduate education, and decided to charge tuition fees for all newly enrolled graduate students included in the national enrollment plan from the fall semester of 20 14. However, it is certain that other supporting scholarship and bursary systems will be established and improved after graduate students are fully charged, so as to prevent graduate education from becoming the patent of the rich.
According to the major and purpose, graduate students can be divided into ordinary graduate students and special types of graduate students. According to the relevant regulations of our country, the general master's education focuses on cultivating teaching and scientific research talents, and the types of degrees awarded are mainly degrees.
Degrees in China are divided into philosophy, economics, law, education, literature, history, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, military science, management and so on 12. 12 is further subdivided into 88 first-level disciplines, and 88 first-level disciplines are further subdivided into more than 300 two disciplines. At the same time, there are more than 760 self-established enrollment units. The entrance examination for ordinary postgraduate students is mainly the national unified entrance examination for postgraduate students at the beginning of the year (referred to as "unified examination"). After being admitted, he will be granted postgraduate status. Upon graduation, if the course study and thesis defense meet the requirements of the Academic Degrees Regulations, you can get a diploma and a degree certificate. Special graduate students, that is, graduates with professional degrees. Since 265438+20th century, the number of professional degrees approved in China has reached 15. Professional degree education is a form of postgraduate education in China. Different from the general postgraduate education which focuses on theory and academic research, professional degree education aims at cultivating advanced applied talents with a certain professional background.
① Relevant knowledge of special graduate students.
Similarities and differences between professional degrees and what is usually called "master's degree and doctor's degree"
China implemented the People's Republic of China (PRC) Academic Degrees Regulations in 198 1 year. At the beginning, it was mainly to cultivate teaching and scientific research talents, and the types of degrees awarded were mainly academic degrees. As far as the degree of graduate students is concerned, it is usually called "master's degree and doctor's degree". In the early 1990s, in order to speed up the cultivation of advanced applied professionals needed by economic construction and social development, a professional degree was set up.
The professional orientation of a professional degree is very clear. The Interim Measures for Examination and Approval of Professional Degree Setting, which was deliberated and adopted by the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee at its14th meeting, stipulates that a professional degree is a degree with a professional background, which is set up for training senior professionals in a specific occupation.
Professional degrees are divided into bachelor's degree, master's degree and doctor's degree, but most of them only offer master's degree. Professional degrees at all levels are at the same level as the corresponding degrees at all levels in China. The name of the professional degree is "master (bachelor, doctor) in XX (professional field)".
B. Learning methods of professional degree education
The learning methods of professional degree education are flexible, which can be roughly divided into two categories: on-the-job learning and full-time learning.
The relatively simple way to distinguish is: the professional degree examination, which recruits on-the-job personnel and mainly studies in their spare time, is usually held in June 65438+ 10 every year, which is called the "national joint examination for on-the-job personnel to study for master's degrees", or "joint examination" for short; The professional degree examination for full-time students is held together with the "National Unified Entrance Examination for Postgraduates" held at the beginning of each year.
C. Admission conditions for professional degrees
The biggest feature of professional degree enrollment conditions is that applicants are required to have a certain number of years of work experience, generally requiring undergraduate graduation, and some majors require candidates to have a bachelor's degree. Most professional degrees require on-the-job personnel to apply for the exam with the consent of their units or corresponding management departments, and some even require their units to recommend them. However, there are exceptions. For example, the field of software engineering in the Master of Engineering is also open to fresh college graduates. D. entrance examination for professional degrees
The entrance examination for professional degrees includes the "joint examination" in June+10 in 5438 and the "unified examination" at the beginning of the year. Both national examinations have prescribed examination subjects, and the examination subjects for professional degrees are different. In this regard, the Ministry of Education and the the State Council Academic Degree Office will publish relevant plans when publishing the registration information every year. Subjects other than the entrance examination are put forward and graded by the admissions unit itself, and some of them are carried out simultaneously with the entrance examination subjects.
E. Admission places for professional degrees
Whether it is the "Joint Examination" batch in June 5438+ 10 or the "Unified Examination" batch at the beginning of the year, the enrollment quota of the enrollment unit must be reported to the higher authorities for approval.
Relatively speaking, the enrollment quota of the "Joint Entrance Examination" in June 5438+ 10 is more abundant, and some of them are even decided by the enrollment unit. However, in order to ensure the quality of education, the enrollment units that have the right to set their own enrollment quotas will not get off the net, but will determine the enrollment quotas according to their own educational resources and students.
In addition, some professional degree enrollment has certain enrollment quota restrictions for students in certain fields, such as master of public administration. In 2006, the Notice on Recruiting On-the-job Personnel to Study for Master's Degree clearly stipulated that the enrollment ratio of non-governmental sector personnel generally does not exceed 20% of the enrollment quota of the school that year.
The "unified examination" enrollment quota is included in the annual postgraduate enrollment master plan of colleges and universities.
F. Delineation of professional degree admission scores
On June 5438+ 10, the admission of the "Joint Entrance Examination" was organized by the admissions unit itself, and the admission scores were delineated and uniformly announced by the admissions unit itself. Each admissions unit will select the best candidates according to their entrance examination results (including interviews).
The "unified examination" admission in May 5438+ 10 was the first bid of the Ministry of Education (by region and major), and most of the people who participated in the re-examination organized by the admissions unit crossed the line.
G. Professional degree education certificate
Due to different learning styles, most professional degree education only grants degree certificates, but there are exceptions, such as MBA, LLM, master of accounting, master of medicine and doctor, bachelor of architecture and master of science, and "double certificates" with both degree certificates and academic certificates. Generally speaking, "unified examination" students are "double certificates" and "joint examination" students are "certificates". 1. Citizen of People's Republic of China (PRC) (China).
2. Support the leadership of China * * *, and be willing to serve the socialist modernization, with good moral character and law-abiding.
3 candidates must meet one of the following conditions:
(1) fresh graduates with nationally recognized academic qualifications;
(2) Persons with a nationally recognized bachelor's degree;
(3) After obtaining the diploma of higher vocational colleges recognized by the state, after 2 years or more, they have reached the same academic level as undergraduate graduates (equivalent academic level refers to students who have not obtained the undergraduate degree recognized by the state, but their business level can reach or basically reach the level of undergraduate graduates. Candidates who do not hold the undergraduate diploma recognized by the Ministry of Education belong to the same academic level. For details, please refer to the entry of equivalent academic qualifications) and meet the specific business requirements put forward by the admissions unit according to the training objectives of the unit;
(4) Undergraduate graduates with academic qualifications recognized by the state and recent graduates of adult colleges (including adult higher education organized by ordinary colleges and universities) shall apply as undergraduate graduates with equivalent academic qualifications;
(5) Those who have obtained a master's degree or a doctor's degree may apply for a master's degree again, but they can only apply for a master's degree entrusted or at their own expense.
Self-taught students and online education students must obtain a nationally recognized undergraduate diploma before they can apply for the exam.
Postgraduates must obtain the consent of the training unit before registering.
4. The age is generally not more than 40 years old, and the age of candidates who apply for entrusted training and pay their own expenses is not limited.
5. Physical health status meets the medical examination requirements stipulated by the state and the admissions unit.
20 14 canceled the restriction of "generally not exceeding 40 years old" for national postgraduate candidates. 1. Master of Laws (Illegal Studies), referred to as "Joint Entrance Examination of Master of Laws (Illegal Studies)":
(1) meets the requirements in (1).
(2) The major studied in colleges and universities is non-law major (law graduates of undergraduate majors in ordinary colleges and universities are not allowed to apply).
2. Master of Laws (Law), referred to as "Joint Entrance Examination of Master of Laws (Law)":
(1) meets the requirements in (1).
(2) law majors in ordinary colleges and universities (law graduates in the undergraduate professional catalogue of ordinary colleges and universities can apply for the exam).
3. Professional degrees in business administration, public administration, master of engineering project management, master of education education management, and master of sports competition organization:
(1) meets the requirements of items 1, 2, 4 and 5 in (1).
(2) Persons with more than 3 years' work experience after graduation from university; Persons who have obtained the diploma of higher vocational colleges recognized by the state and have reached the same academic level as undergraduate graduates after more than five years of study; Persons who have obtained master's degree or doctor's degree and have more than 2 years' working experience.
4. Other professional degrees except Master of Laws (Illegal Studies), Master of Laws (Law), Master of Business Administration, Master of Public Administration, Project Management in Master of Engineering, Education Management in Master of Education and Competition Organization in Master of Physical Education shall meet the requirements in (1). 1. meets the requirements of 1, 2,4,5 in the application conditions (1).
2. After graduating from a university recognized by the state, he has worked continuously for 4 years or more, has excellent business, has published research papers (technical reports) or has become a business backbone, and has been recommended by two experts with senior professional and technical titles to participate in the directional training or entrusted training of this unit.
After obtaining a master's degree or a doctor's degree, he has worked for 2 years or more and has excellent business. With the consent of this unit and recommended by two experts with senior professional titles, he is an on-the-job employee entrusted by this unit. Institutions of higher learning that can carry out the work of exemption from examination and approval can recommend a specified number of outstanding undergraduate graduates from the preliminary examination, and go directly to the applicant for re-examination and go through the admission procedures before the specified date. The recommendation and admission methods shall be formulated by the school (enrollment unit) according to the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Education. The admitted students (including postgraduate education group and rural education master program) must go through the registration confirmation formalities at the registration point within the registration time stipulated by the state, and may not take the unified examination again. Students who have not been admitted by the admissions unit within the specified date will no longer retain the exemption qualification.
Except for MBA, public administration, project management in master of engineering, education management in master of education and competition organization in master of physical education, other academic majors and professional degrees can accept students without examination. Graduate students are divided into master students and doctoral students. To take a master's degree, you generally need to take foreign languages, politics, comprehensive subjects (depending on the majors you apply for) and professional courses. Dr. Kao doesn't need to take a political exam.
As a postgraduate course after undergraduate course, the employment rate of graduates in China University is less than 30%, which undoubtedly alleviates many problems to a great extent.
In Chinese mainland, ordinary people generally call master graduates "graduate students" and doctoral graduates "doctors". Therefore, according to the common name, it has become the ladder of "college students"-"graduate students"-"doctors". Undergraduate graduates who require the national recognition of undergraduate education can apply directly. Graduates of higher vocational colleges with nationally recognized academic qualifications have reached the same academic level as undergraduate graduates after two years or more (from graduation to September 1 day of the year when they are admitted to the master's degree), and those who meet the specific business requirements put forward by the admissions unit according to the training objectives of the unit will apply as undergraduate graduates. Adult college entrance examination
Graduates: fresh graduates of adult institutions of higher learning with nationally recognized academic qualifications. Those who have reached the same academic level or above as those of junior college graduates (including those with nationally recognized academic qualifications and fresh graduates of adult institutions of higher learning) two years after graduation (from junior college graduation to September 1 day of the year when they were admitted as master students) and meet the specific business requirements of the admissions unit for candidates according to the training objectives of this unit can apply for the equivalent academic examination. Adult education qualifications of adult college graduates are recognized by the state, and previous adult education graduates can directly apply for undergraduate courses. However, the undergraduate students in adult education can only apply for the exam with the same academic ability because they did not obtain the undergraduate degree when they applied for the exam (165438+ every year1mid-October), which is different from the full-time undergraduate students in ordinary universities. higher education
Self-taught undergraduate course
Graduates can obtain nationally recognized undergraduate diplomas before the registration deadline for candidates and online education students, and can apply for the national unified entrance examination for graduate students regardless of whether they have obtained a degree or not. Self-taught college graduates are eligible to apply for the exam only after they have worked for two years after obtaining the college diploma. On the basis of this condition, some schools have increased the requirement that they must pass the self-taught undergraduate main courses, and some schools stipulate that some majors do not recruit college graduates. For specific application, candidates should consult the graduate admissions office of the university to be applied for in advance. Undergraduate graduates who fail to graduate in 65438+February each year should apply for the Report Card of Self-taught Examinees to apply for graduate students with the same academic ability as undergraduate students before the national unified postgraduate entrance examination. When the postgraduate admission is reviewed in April next year, a formal undergraduate diploma will be issued to confirm the examination qualification and admission. Correspondence course of party school
Correspondence in the Party School of Postgraduates is actually an internal training conducted by the Party to improve the theoretical literacy and professional level of cadres in party member and build a high-quality cadre team in party member. Compared with national education (that is, ordinary colleges, adult colleges, higher education self-study exams, etc.). ), the "import" is wider and the "export" is looser. Relevant documents stipulate: "Correspondence graduates of Party schools do not enjoy the same treatment as national education series". Please confirm the specific requirements of the postgraduate entrance examination with the unit you want to apply for. Since 2002, college graduates (who do not have a diploma, but do not have all the designated academic subjects, but have a college diploma) can apply for the exam with the same academic ability. Four-year students (students who have studied in ordinary colleges and universities for a period of time and obtained the four-year student certificate of ordinary colleges and universities and completed some designated academic subjects) shall be implemented according to the requirements of different schools. Equivalent educational level 1, passing the undergraduate course; 2. English has reached the level of undergraduate graduation; 3. Require the publication of papers or scientific research results; 4. Two professional courses should be added during the second interview (the first and fourth courses are the common requirements of all enrollment units, and the second and third enrollment units have different requirements). Those who have obtained a master's degree or a doctor's degree may apply for a master's degree again, but they can only apply for master's students who have been entrusted to train or trained by themselves.