Yuanmou, Yunan Yuanmou, was the earliest known human being in China about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago.
Beijingers lived about 700,000-200,000 years ago. Evaluation 1, with natural fire; 2. manufacturing tools.
Neanderthals at the top of Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing about 18000 years ago. Evaluation 1, artificial fire; 2. Enter the clan commune.
Hemudu clan Hemudu village in Yuyao, Zhejiang province is a matriarchal clan about 7000 years ago. Evaluation 1, using pottery, eating surplus; 2. Plant rice.
Banpo Family in banpo village, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. Evaluation 1, advanced tools (Neolithic age); 2, planting and collecting; 3. Original text.
The middle and late Dawenkou culture in Shandong was about 4000 and 5000 years ago. Evaluation 1, human society has entered the paternal line; 2. polarization between the rich and the poor.
Huangdi and Yan Di lived in the Yellow River valley more than 4000 years ago. Tribal alliance between the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di-the backbone of the Chinese nation. Descendants of the Yellow Emperor
Yao, Shun and Yu —— The system of democratic election of leaders in tribal alliances: "Give way"
Two. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties
In 2070 BC, the hereditary system of the throne was established, replacing the abdication system.
Tang was founded in 65438 BC+0600 BC. In BC 1300, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved to Yin. Oracle Bone Inscriptions was found on tortoise shells and animal bones in Yin Ruins. Simuwu Dafang Ding-the largest bronze ware in the world. Four sheep and a square statue.
Around 1 1 century BC, West Zhou Wuwang attacked Konoha. Zhou Pingwang-Luoyi (Pingtung moves eastward. Enfeoffment system; Well-field system: the land is divided into squares, criss-crossing like a well.
The Spring and Autumn Period was a period of disintegration of slave society.
Qi Huangong dominates 1, Guanzhong reforms-the country is strong; 2, respect the king and be arrogant.
The battle of Chengpu, Shanxi wins, Chu loses. Wuyue War.
The dialectical thought of Laozi's Taoist Tao Te Ching is "fortunes depend on each other; Happiness lies in misfortune "and" inaction "
Founder of Confucius Confucian School. Political proposition: "benevolent government" and "rule by courtesy". Educational achievements: a, setting up private schools; B, "Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and "Learning new things by reviewing old ones"
Sun Tzu's "The Art of War" "Know yourself and know yourself."
During the Warring States period, the feudal system was established.
Shang Yang reform 1, abandoned ore field, building. Recognize private ownership of land and establish the status of landlord class) 2. Reward the war of ploughing (against slave owners). 3. Establish a county system (strengthen centralization). Results: Qin became stronger and stronger, which laid the foundation for the unification of Qin Shihuang.
Dujiangyan, Qin Shu, Garrison of Ritual, Chengdu near Minjiang River Basin.
Handan Wanye iron industry
Bian Que "looks, smells, asks and cuts"
Lu Ban
Mohist Mozi's "universal love" and "non-merit" oppose slave owners' martyrdom.
Mencius, Confucianism, valuing the people, valuing the monarch and benevolent government. Hard-working people rule others, and laborers rule others.
Xunzi (materialism) "grasp fate and use it"
Taoist Zhuangzi said, "Whoever steals a hook will be punished, and whoever steals a country will be a vassal."
Legalist Han Feizi's "rule of law" suppressed the people's resistance with severe punishment and laws.
Military strategist Sun Bin Sun Bin's Art of War
Qu Yuan's Songs of Chu Li Sao
Third, Qin and Han Dynasties
In 22 1 year BC, the Qin dynasty reached the sea in the east, Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and the South China Sea in the south.
Qin Shihuang: centralized autocratic system 1, calling himself "the first emperor"; 2. Economic and military forces are concentrated in their own hands; 3. Set up prime ministers, imperial envoys, Qiu and other official positions; 4. Implement the county system.
Unified economic measurement, currency
Cultural unity, burning books and burying Confucianism
Military construction of the Great Wall-from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east. 2. Resist the Huns.
Chen Sheng, the uprising, established the Zhang Chu regime in osawa Township, Qixian County. Evaluation: The first large-scale peasant war.
The essence of Chu-Han war: the war between landlords and nobles for imperial power. Liu Bang paid attention to win people's hearts and was good at employing people, thus restoring Guanzhong (laying an economic foundation). Finally, Xiang Yu committed suicide.
In 202 BC, Liu Bang was the capital of Chang 'an.
The rule of Wenjing "recuperates" 1, and attaches importance to the development of agricultural production; 2, 30 tax one; 2. Cancel the punishment of "sitting together" and damage your health.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: 1, executing a unified "decree of granting favors"; 2 "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" 3. Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions: the Western Regions-west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu and east of Congling. Before the first time 138 years. Second time before 1 19. Functions: First, strengthen the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions; B, strengthen the Han Dynasty's rule over the Western Regions; C opening of the Silk Road-starting from Chang 'an, passing through Hexi Corridor, now Xinjiang, and then transported to Rest, and then transported from Rest to Daqin in West Asia and Europe (topography-Guanzhong Plain-Loess Plateau-Hexi Corridor-Tarim Basin-Pamirs). 4. Strike the Huns in the north. In 60 BC, the Western Han government established the capital of the Western Regions.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang reformed the monetary system.
Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, established Luoyang as its capital in 25 AD. Measures: 1, release handmaiden; 2. Punish corrupt officials.
In 73 AD, the purpose of Ban Chao's governance of the Western Regions was to restore the ties between the Eastern Han government and the countries in the Western Regions. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. Gan Ying arrived in the Persian Gulf in West Asia. /kloc-in 0/66, the envoys sent by the Andun dynasty of Daqin came to China from the sea for the first time. This is the earliest record of direct friendly exchanges between China and European countries.
Cai Lun improved papermaking in 105, North Korea, Japan, Arabia-Africa and Europe.
Algebra and geometry in Nine Chapters of Arithmetic.
Seismograph Zhang Heng-an outstanding scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The world's earliest instrument for determining earthquake orientation.
Hua Tuo's "Ma Fei San" was the first doctor in the world to adopt general anesthesia. "wuqinxi"
Sima Qian was an outstanding historian in ancient China. Historical Records: Historical events in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. General history of the first biography.
Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains of China in the late Western Han Dynasty (A.D. 1 year).
Taoism advocates self-cultivation, alchemy, and enlightenment.
Four, the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties
In the Battle of Guandu in the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in 200 years. Results: Cao Cao basically unified the north. In 208, the combined forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao in Battle of Red Cliffs. Results: It laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries. Three Kingdoms: In 220, Wei was Luoyang; 22 1 year Shu Bei Chengdu; Wu was founded in 222. In 230, Sun Quan sent general Wei Wenling to Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province) with a fleet of 10,000 people.
In 266, Sima Yan established Luoyang as the capital, which was called "Western Jin Dynasty".
Ethnic minorities move inward: Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang. 3 17 Si Marui, the royal family of Jin Dynasty, is a healthy "Eastern Jin Dynasty" and a "Sixteen Countries" in the north.
The situation of the battle of Feishui: Fu Qiang, the former king of Qin, recruited people of all ethnic groups as soldiers; Xie An advocated loyalty and opposition, and sent generals Xie Shi and Xie Xuan to meet the former Qin Dynasty. In 383, the Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated the former Qin Dynasty. As a result, the former Qin dynasty collapsed and the north fell into a state of division. Formed a situation of confrontation between the north and the south.
Southern Dynasties: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen; Northern Dynasties: Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou.