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Extraction code: i4yl Title: Two Dramas
Author: [Germany] Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Translator: Shang
Douban score: 7.9
Publishing House: Shanghai Translation Publishing House
Publication year: 1980- 10
Page count: 238
Content introduction:
Ming Na von barnum, also known as Lucky Soldier, is a five-act comedy created by Lessing. The first draft is in 1763. Modified on 1765. Finalized in 1767.
The story is not complicated. However, the social practical significance reflected far exceeds the definition of so-called "comedy". The arrangement of the whole comedy basically follows the structural arrangement of Alex Dodd's classic closed drama. The five acts play the roles of beginning, development, climax, decline and ending respectively. Although there are a little more characters than the more strict classical drama, reaching 10, it is still not enough to overthrow its original intention as a closed structure. At the same time, this story also strictly abides by the unity of time and place. That is, the story happened in an inn for 24 hours.
Goethe once spoke highly of this work: it is a work that reflects the national events of the whole North Germany and the abnormal situation caused by the seven-year war.
Mager von Telheim, an aristocratic youth who served Prussia during the Seven-Year War between Prussia and Austria, was dismissed because of misunderstanding caused by economic disputes. The first scene tells that he went back to his previous hotel, but was driven to a shabby room by a snobbish shopkeeper because he didn't pay the rent on time. A young lady who moved into his old room has just arrived in Dresden to find her fiance, Ming Na of Mag. Feng. Miss Balheim. Ming Na is a noble lady in rural Saxony. Bring her maid and healthy companions. Although Ma Jie was in trouble, he still didn't lose his honest and kind heart. He not only forgave the debt owed by a widow and her dead husband, but also resolutely rejected the financial aid that benefited too much from his inspector. In order to pay off the house, he mortgaged his engagement ring with Ming Na to the shopkeeper.
In the second act, the shopkeeper went upstairs to ask about Ming Na's personal situation. Show off her new ring. Ming Na saw at a glance that it belonged to her lover. Under inquiry, I know that Ma Jie has arrived here. They finally met, but in order not to drag Ming Na down, Ma Jie repeatedly said something against his will to make Ming Na give up love. Ming Na was very sad.
In the third act, Ma Jie wrote a letter to Ming Na to explain the situation. Francesca has a good impression on each other under the negotiation with Paul, the former inspector of Mager. Although Ming Na read the letter, he was going to play a trick on Mager. Get back his love for her.
In the fourth act, Francesca joins in this deception. She lied to Mager that Ming Na was disinherited because she refused the marriage arranged by her uncle, and now she is practically penniless. At the same time, Ming Na met a French official who came to look for King Major. The official told her about her misunderstanding of Ma Jie, and the letter of reinstatement will be delivered soon.
In the fifth act, Mager regained his confidence and courage and decided to face all kinds of difficulties with Ming Na. At the moment, the letter of reinstatement has just arrived, and Ma Jie feels more and more reborn. He asked Ming Na to invite her to go with him, but Ming Na pretended not to agree and returned Mager's engagement ring to him. Ma Jie mistakenly thought that Ming Na would return the engagement ring he gave her. Angry and sad, she thought she had come to break off her marriage and was about to have a cut. Ming Na realized that the joke was too big, and hurriedly explained that the two men had finally made up. Francesca and Paul also became happy companions.
In the play, Ming Na imitates her fiance Telheim's repressed visual and auditory perception through physical demonstration, and guides Telheim to restore his overall perception and become a complete person. The play expresses Germany's demand for constructing the wholeness of perception in the second half of the18th century-people should pay as much attention to their emotions and perceptual abilities as they do to rationality. This not only subverts the concept of rationality first in the Enlightenment, but also embodies the important position of body perception discourse in the Enlightenment. And this pursuit of the overall perceptual ability, as well as the appeal for the harmonious unity of reason and sensibility, indicates the arrival of the classical era after enlightenment.
Amelia Garotti was written in 1758, completed and performed in 1772. The script describes that Herale, the ruler of the Italian town of Guastalla in the Renaissance, fell in love with Amelia who was engaged to Appiani. In order to possess her, Herale indulged his cronies in killing Appiani and kidnapping Amelia. When Amelia's father learned the whole truth, he personally killed her to protect her reputation. The play is a precedent of anti-feudal drama. The central issue of Amelia Garotti is Amelia's tragedy, but this tragedy is caused by external reasons. In Amelia and Her Father, the author's morality is deeply reflected. For these characters, physical destruction is much better than spiritual destruction. The greatest achievement of the play lies in profoundly exposing and criticizing the dark rule of feudal nobles and their dissolute and shameless criminal behavior. It fulfilled the educational mission set by the author and reached the peak of his dramatic art.
The story of Amelia Galloti (1772) took place in15th century Italy. It tells the story of a prince who tried to cheat Amelia, adopted the plan of his favorite Marinelli, and hired a group of robbers to kill her fiance on her way to marriage and tricked her into the palace. Amelia's father, Odaya, killed her in pain to protect her virginity. The prince in the play is the embodiment of the dissolute and shameless feudal ruler of Germany in the 18th century. Marinelli was a court attendant who was good at flattery and intrigue. Amelia is a quiet and simple woman under the civic moral education. Odaya, the most typical character in the play, is a declining aristocrat. He has bourgeois ideas, hates rulers and is unwilling to associate with the court, but he is weak and only adopts an evasive attitude. His daughter was cheated into the palace, which triggered a battle of "reason and anger" in his heart, and he wanted to avenge "the victim's morality". When he killed his daughter, he thought he protected her virginity and won a moral victory. This embodies the characteristics of the German bourgeoisie. They hate the moral corruption of the feudal ruling class, but they have no power to fight face to face with the ruling class, so they can only fight it with civic morality. This is an outstanding civic tragedy in German literature.
About the author:
Lessing (1729.01.22 ~1781.02.15), a German, was born in Saxony, Germany and graduated from the University of Leipzig. He was a playwright, aesthete and literary critic during the German Enlightenment. Rausitz was born in Kamenz, the son of a priest.
1746 He entered the University of Leipzig to study theology, and wrote his first novel "Comedy Young Scholars" in the same year. Before 1760, he was engaged in editing and writing, and edited the literary supplement of the Berlin Charter. Composed Miss Sarah samson (1755) and translated Mr. Diderot's plays (1760). Then, he finished the anti-Prussian comedy Ming Na von Balheim (1767). After the establishment of Hamburg Theatre, he served as a drama art consultant and wrote the Hamburg Drama Review. Later, he completed the famous tragedies Amelia Jarotti (1772) and Nathan the Wise (1778), which together with Lisa constitute three famous plays of Lessing. The collection of reviews is New Literature Newsletter and Hamburg Drama Review. The former has 17 letters, which basically contains the main points of his drama theory: closely combining the history and reality of the nation, creating national literature and drama; National drama should not imitate French classical drama, but should imitate Shakespeare and English drama, and at the same time absorb its own national tradition. The latter consists of 104 comments, which also summarizes his theoretical views and advocates replacing pan-classical drama with Aristotle and Shakespeare.
Lessing died in Brunswick in 178 1.
The era of Lessing's work and life coincides with an important node in the history of German thought-before him, the rationalist school represented by Spinoza and Leibniz flourished; Behind him, the wave of German idealism began to rise. In literature, Lessing freed German literature from the shackles of Gottschett, that is, the shackles of neoclassicism developed on the basis of imitating France; It was Lessing who brought German literature into an era of rapid development, and German literary circles began to admire Shakespeare's works. After that, German literature entered an era represented by Goethe and Schiller, that is, from this period, German literary circles had a new understanding of classicism. In religion, he mediated between Catholicism and radicals at that time. Everything he did was carried out under the background that Germany had not yet been unified.
Lessing has dabbled in many aspects, including literature and literary criticism, theology and philosophy, criticism, communication and translation. Even if we don't understand the importance of Lessing's works and his versatility, people can still see some of his characteristics, which are constantly reflected and kept quite consistent at the same time. Lessing has a flexible and comprehensive dialectical thinking mode. For him, thinking is like a process of exploration; Some thoughts are deviant (except about God) and have no reliable basis, but they can also guide him. It is precisely because of this that Lessing, though widely involved, tirelessly questioned everything. He attacked the mainstream view and the so-called "truth". Although his enthusiasm for debate sometimes seems almost rude, it is a shining light on him. He believes in the viewpoint of "developing in contradiction" and thinks that education is the ladder of progress. Canpian is his early unfinished work, which was written in Fu Zi 1784 after the author's death. In this work, Lessing believes that human beings can only approach perfection, and pure perfection only remains in the hands of God. This idea runs through his works. In the wise man Nathan and his last complete drama "The Education of Man", this view is reflected to the extreme. Although it is not uncommon for thinkers in the Enlightenment to insist that "education is a ladder of progress", Lessing refused to acquiesce in rationalists' views on education in his own life and work-rationalists believed that rationality or reason could lead to a logical result, and rational understanding could be trained by understanding this process. In Lessing's personal life, he likes to go to theaters, cafes and bars after academic research, or try his luck at gambling tables. A scholar pointed out that in Lessing's early comments, he gave a positive evaluation of books that have both brilliant ideas and can infect the mind; From these comments, we can also see why Lessing paid more attention to "Christianity in the sense" than "Christianity in reason" in his later theological works. Lessing's theological research also influenced his literary creation. Literature should serve social consciousness and play the role of moral education. This statement is not uncommon in Lessing's concept. Nevertheless, Lessing drew a clear line with rationalists at this point, because he thought that reason alone could not achieve this goal. Sometimes, Lessing will call the drama stage her "pulpit". Lessing finally gave her sympathy to the weakest people, that is, those who were unable to protect themselves. For those works that were declared heretics, he explored deeper connotations; For all kinds of works, ancient and modern, which were criticized, Lessing restored their due honor; He also described a Jew called "the outcast of society" as an inspiring hero on the stage. Lessing has a long friendship with the Jewish philosopher moses mendelssohn (1729- 1786) and frequent contacts with freemasons, which indicate that Lessing is practicing the ideas of social equality, political equality and religious equality.