Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Shao Yong and Zhang Zai were called the "five sons" of the Northern Song Dynasty. They are all famous philosophers and Yi-ology scholars.
Zhou Dunyi (10 17~ 1072) was a thinker, philosopher and philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty. Formerly known as Dunshi, he avoided British Sect and changed his name to Dunyi. Mao Shu, whose real name is Lianxi, is from Yingdao County, Daozhou (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province). In his later years, he settled under the Lotus Peak in Lushan Mountain, and named the stream and study in front of the hall after the water in his hometown, so he was named Mr. Lianxi, Yuan Gong, posthumous title. He, together with Shao Yong, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, is called the "Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty". Zheng Xiang, a bachelor of Longtuge, was the master of Ren Fen Ning (Xiushui), transferred Nan 'an Army Manager to join the army, moved to Guiyang and Nanchang, and was sentenced by Hezhou Judge and Ganzhou. When Ning first learned about Chenzhou, he was transferred to Guangdong as a judge and was sentenced to jail. Wherever I go, I have made great achievements. "In Hezhou County for four years, the people are convinced that the official has no husband's hand and dares not be the master." In his later years, he learned about Nankang Army, where he ruled today's Xing Zi County. I have been to Lushan Mountain and was attracted by its scenery. In his poem, I said, "I have loved Lushan Mountain for a long time, and I bought Tian Shanyin." Because the house is built under the Lotus Peak of Lushan Mountain, there is a stream in front of it, which joins the Ganjiang River. It was named after Lianxi, the former residence of Yingdao, and later settled here. The tomb of Zheng, the mother who was originally in her hometown, was moved and buried in Sanqi Mountain, Qingquanshe, Lushan Mountain. Dunyi died and was buried next to his mother's grave. Later, the descendants lived in Jiangzhou and the descendants continued.
Zhou dunyi
Zhou Dunyi is the founder of China's Neo-Confucianism, and his Neo-Confucianism plays a connecting role in the history of China's philosophy. Huang Zongxi, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said in the case of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty: "After Confucius, Han Confucianism only learned to pass on the classics, and it has been a long time since then. The rise of Cheng Cheng's successor Yuan Gong ... If we discuss the subtleties of mind, nature and justice, we will break the darkness of several Yuan Gong. " He inherited the Book of Changes and some thoughts of Taoism, and put forward a simple and systematic theory of the composition of the universe, saying that "infinite and Tai Chi" and "Tai Chi" move without moving, resulting in everything of yin and yang. "Everything is born with endless changes, but people have to show their beauty, which is the most spiritual ("Tai Chi Map ")." The sage also imitated "Tai Chi" to establish "human pole". "The extreme of human beings" means "sincerity", which is "the wood of the five permanent members, the source of all kinds of actions, and the highest state of morality". Only through the main static, no desire, can we achieve this state. In the following 700 years, it has produced a wide range of academic influence. His philosophical categories, such as infinity, Tai Chi, Yin and Yang, five elements, movement, life, good and evil, have become the research topics of later Neo-Confucianism.
work
His main works are Tai Chi Picture Book, Tong Jian, Tai Chi Picture Book, etc. Later generations compiled Zhu Yuanzhang Gong Ji, with 28 poems, 4 articles and 1 article, with Shuowen as the representative.
Shao Yong (1011~1077) was a philosopher in the northern song dynasty. Fu Yao, born in Kang Jie, posthumous title, was born in North Song Zhenzong for four years, namely101year, and died in Zongshen X.
1077, he is 67 years old. Born in Fanyang, Hebei Province, he moved to Gongcheng with his father and lived in seclusion in Luoyang in his later years. Although Shao Yong is not as famous as Zhu Gekongming in the Three Kingdoms, he is no less talented and moral than Zhuge Liang. However, due to long-term seclusion, his name is unknown to future generations. Cheng Hao, one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, once praised after discussing with Shao Yong: "Fu Yao, he learned to be a saint inside and a king outside!" People call them "Master Shao" and "Mr. Jia". The burial place is called Anle Jiacheng, which is located in Yangli of West Wolonggou, Xixian Village, Pingxiang County, Luoyang City. Shao Yong Tomb 1964 was announced as a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province. Equal Shao Fuzi Society resumed Anle College and held a large-scale celebration on Shao Yong's Millennium birthday. Now, a square has been opened in front of Anlejia City, which has hardened roads, planted trees and introduced springs. There is a statue of Shao Yong, and the bamboo and cypress are evergreen.
As a teenager, Shao Yong was ambitious, eager to study hard and read everything. According to the Biography of Shao Yong in the History of Song Dynasty, Shao Yong "began to learn, that is, he was diligent, did not cook without fear for several years, did not fan in summer, and did not sit outside at night." "Later, in order to increase his knowledge, he also traveled around, crossing the Yellow River, Fenhe River, Huaihe River, Hanshui River, Qi, Lu, Song and Zheng. When he came back, he said, "Tao is right." So he stopped traveling. At that time, there was an expert Li Tingzhi. Seeing that he never tires of learning, he taught him the secrets of easy learning such as river map, Luo Shu and Fuxi gossip. With Shao Yong's intelligence, he mastered everything, became a master of Yi-ology and became a popular scholar. He formed his own complete and unique view of the universe, and knew the laws of the transformation of heaven and earth and the rise and fall of yin and yang like the back of his hand. "History of Song Dynasty" records that he can "study deeply and learn freely" about the temperament of "ancient times changing recently", and he is not confused, and he is "wise and considerate, and can know what happened in advance". Cheng Yi, another ancestor of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, said, "He knows his conscience. "So, he wrote a book with more than ten thousand words 10, such as The Quiet History of Huang Ji, Observing the Internal and External Affairs, and Yi Ji Chuan's Concession. He believes that history evolves according to a fixed number. He calculated the evolution of heaven and earth and the historical cycle with the concepts of innate easy number and yuan, hui, yun and potential. According to legend, Shao Yong wrote "The Divine Number of Iron Plate" and "The Heart of Plum Blossom", which had a great influence on later Yi studies. Later generations also honored him as "Shao Zi". At the age of 30, Shao Yong and his father Shao Gu moved from Baiquan in Huixian County to Shenyin Garden in Yichuan, founded Anle Academy, gave lectures at home and wrote books for teaching. Moved to Luoyang at the age of fifty. In the seventh year of Jiayou (1062), Wang, who stayed in Xijing, gave him 30 infrastructure houses, named "Comfortable Nest", as garden houses, and Shao Yong called himself "Mr. Anle". Celebrity bachelors at that time, such as Fu Bi, Sima Guang and Lv Gongzhu. Everyone respects him very much. They always travel together. He not only learned from ancient times to modern times, but also had high moral character and treated people sincerely. This made him famous far and near, and wherever he went, literati rushed to retain him. Some people even call the place where Shao Yong stayed his "nest". His prestige in people's hearts can be seen. Nowadays, few people are familiar with Shao Yong and his works. But some of his aphorisms are still popular among the people. For example, people often say that "a year's plan lies in spring, a day's plan lies in the morning, and a lifetime's plan lies in diligence" is from Shao Yong. Shao Yong, the genius of the unexpected prophet, made an amazing and accurate prediction on the historical development of later generations, wrote his masterpiece-plum blossom poem, and predicted the great historical evolution of China after him. Of course, like all predictions, he used very implicit language. It's not easy to understand Some parts are difficult to understand if they are not practitioners who understand Buddhism and Taoism.
Renzong Jiayou and Zongshen Xining recommended it twice, both of which were hard to leave. Xining died in Luoyang at the age of 67 in the tenth year and was buried in Xianying, Yichuan. Zhe Zongyuan's letter to you has given you a healthy holiday. Twenty volumes of Yichuan Beating the Earth. The History of Song Dynasty has been circulated in 427 volumes.
work
He is the author of 12 volumes of Huang Shishu, including Internal View of Things, External View of Things, Asking Yu Qiao, Unknown Biography and so on. The inner part is Shao Yong's work, and the outer part is his disciple's account, similar to quotations. There is also a collection of poems, a collection of dirt. [ 1]
Legend has it that plum blossom poems were written by Shao Yong, and there is no textual research. However, Shao Yong's poetry lacks the style of "expressing one's mind directly, being simple and popular, and singing while singing", which can basically be concluded that it was not written by Shao, but was attached by later generations.
Generally speaking, you don't need to know about Zhang Zai, but you can't help but know the famous saying "Make a heart for heaven and earth, make a life for the people, link the past with the future, and be peaceful for all generations", which is also known as the "four-sentence teaching in a horizontal canal".
Zhang Zai (1020- 1077), a philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty, was one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism (one of the founders of Guan Xue, a branch of Neo-Confucianism). Word thickness. A native of Hengqu Town, Fengxiang County (now Meixian County, Shaanxi Province), is known as Mr. Hengqu in the world. Jiayou Jinshi, awarded Chongwen Academy Book and Governor's College. Put forward the theory that "the sky is gas", and affirm that "gas" is an entity full of the universe, and all kinds of things are formed by the accumulation and dispersion of "gas". His works include True Dreams, Xue Jing and Li Ku, and Yi Shuo, which were later incorporated into Zhang Ziquan's book.
Zhang zaixiang
Zhang Zai was an important thinker in the Northern Song Dynasty, the founder of Guan Xue and one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism. His academic thoughts played an important role in the history of China's ideological and cultural development, and had a great influence on the later ideological circles. His works have always been regarded as one of the representatives of philosophy by the Ming and Qing governments, and they are required books for imperial examinations.
Zhang Zai's ancestral home was Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), and his grandfather, Song Zhenzong, received a bachelor's degree from Jixian Academy, and later gave it to one of them. Father Johnny and his wife Lu took office in Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province at the beginning of Zhenzong. Zhang Zai was born in Tianxi for four years (1020). The first year of Tiansheng (1023) was well known in Fuzhou (now Fuling County, Sichuan Province). Later, it was given to Shangshuguan, and my grandfather and father were both middle and small officials. Johnny died in Fuzhou, and his family decided to bury him in Kaifeng. Fifteen-year-old Zhang Zai and five-year-old Zhang Jian, together with their mother, escorted their father over Bashan, rushed to Hanzhong, went out of Gu Jie and arrived at Meixian Hengqu. Due to the lack of road resources and the war ahead, they were unable to return to their hometown of Kaifeng, so they buried their father in Mi Hu Ridge in the town valley of Hengqu South, where the whole family settled. Since then, Zhang Zai has lived here and called him Mr. Hengqu.
Zhang Zaizi, whose name is Hengqu, is the "Guan" of Lian, Luo, Guan and Min. Because he was born in Shaanxi, he is famous for his land. The other three, Zhou Dunyi, are from Lianxi, Daozhou, Hunan Province, and are called Lianxi. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi are from Luoyang, Henan, so they are called "Luoxue". Zhu Zu was born in Wuyuan, Huizhou and Longxi County, Fujian Province, so scholars took "Fujian Studies" as the key link.
Zhang Zai's Mingxi was also praised by scholars such as Cheng Zi. In fact, it is a passage from the last seventeen "dry names" of his book "True Dreams", and he himself regards this passage as a motto that can decorate a wall. The title of "Ding Jue" was recorded in the library, and Cheng Yi was renamed "Mingxi", which was learned by scholars. In another passage of Zhengmeng, Zhang Zai also wrote on the wall with Pian Yu as the topic, which Yichuan changed to Dong Ming. However, Mingxi is the most influential book with only 252 words.
work
Zhang Zai's works mainly include True Dream, Mingxi, Yi Shuo and Quiet Sydney Cave. Later generations compiled them into Zhang Ziquan's book. Zhang Zaiji was published by Zhonghua Book Company 1978.
Cheng Hao (1032 ~ 1085) was a philosopher and educator in the Song Dynasty.
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The word Bochun,no. Ming Dow, was born in Luoyang, Henan (now). Cheng Yi and his brothers are called "Cheng Er" in the world. His family has been an official for generations, and his great-grandfather Cheng Xizhen was appointed as a member of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Shangshu Province. His grandfather Cheng Hao presented the third secretary of history to Kaifu instrument, and his father Cheng Jun was an official and a doctor in Taizhong. Influenced by family studies since childhood, especially by his father Cheng Jun, he is famous for his non-Wang Anshi's new law. After the promotion of Jinshi, the calendar officials were the master book of Jingzhao House, the master book of Shangyuan County of Jiangning House and the order of Zezhou Jincheng. At the beginning of God's reign, he served as an imperial adviser. Because of his disagreement with Wang Anshi's political views, he was not reused, so he devoted himself to academics. Song Shiyuan said: "I have the ambition to seek Tao. It has flooded many schools, and it has been in and out for decades, and it has been returned to the' Six Classics'. " Initiating "Luo Xue" with his younger brother Cheng Yi laid the foundation of Neo-Confucianism. In education, he set up schools in Songyang and Fugou successively, and devoted himself to educational research. He wrote a lot of books and formed a set of educational ideology. Cheng Hao pointed out that the purpose of education is to cultivate saints. "The gentleman's learning, must first learn the sage. Not saints but their own people have been abandoned. " The filial piety is filial piety, and the younger brother's is the younger brother. It's just a saint. "That is to say, the highest purpose of education is to make the educated follow the laws of nature, be kind to the people, love things, and abide by feudal ethics. Learning the Analects of Confucius and Mencius is "knowledge". " What is ridicule when you read The Analects of Confucius and Mencius without knowing it? "The University and the Doctrine of the Mean are also indispensable." The way of a university lies in its virtue and understanding. "And the doctrine of the mean" heaven also, not very clever, not the doctrine of the mean ". In short, education must take Confucian classics as teaching materials and Confucian ethics as the basic content of education. Cheng Hao also suggested that reading should aim at "explaining meaning and principle" and pay attention to reading methods. It is a great misfortune for scholars to "study on the premise of being poor and practical" and not "get stuck at the end of the chapter and sentence". Cheng Hao's educational thought, like his Neo-Confucianism, has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Later generations set up shrines or academies where he gave lectures to commemorate the origin of studying. In the first year of Jiayou, Song Renzong (1056), Ercheng Temple was established in the place where the Book of Changes was published in Shi Jing (now on the left side of the Wanfo Pagoda in Kaifeng, Henan). In the 20th year of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (1489), Li Yan, the governor of Henan Province, built the Daliang Academy in Ercheng Temple and dedicated Ercheng in the lecture hall. In addition, Songyang Academy was established to commemorate Cheng Er. "Preface to the Records of Songyang Academy" said: "Songyang Academy, the place where books were collected in the Song Dynasty, had a free time and gave lectures with a group of disciples".
Buried in the west of Yichuan county, Yichuan county government has built Cheng Garden, which contains the tombs of Cheng and his son, and is a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan province. There is a square in front of the city wall garden, adjacent to Yichuan County High School, and there is a sacred forest in Xishan, which is one of the eight scenic spots in Yichuan. Now, Mr. Cheng Daoxing has invested more than 100 million yuan to expand into a garden, and a brand-new look will be presented to the world.
Cheng Yi (1033 ~ 1 107) educator. Uncle Zheng, known as Mr. Yichuan, was born in Luoyang in the Northern Song Dynasty. For Hao Cheng's brother. Calendar officer Ruzhou should be promoted forever, and Professor imperial academy from Xijing. In the first year of Yuan You (1086), in addition to the secretary of the provincial school, he also gave a storyteller in Chongzheng Hall. Together with his brother Cheng Hao, he founded Luo Xue, which laid the foundation of Neo-Confucianism. Influenced by his father's political thought, he recommended his father to oppose Wang Anshi's new law with "one person alone", and said that his younger brother Cheng Hao told Gong Jing (Wang Anshi) that "there are many differences, and things are easy to discuss", which was highly praised. His brother Cheng Hao not only has the same academic thought, but also has the same educational thought.
At the age of 24, he taught in Jingshi (now Tazuo, Kaifeng, Henan Province). Song Shenzong Xining for five years (1072) taught in Songyang with his younger brother. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), Fugou County was famous for "establishing a state of emergency, and the sons of Juyi should teach it". In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, Wen Yanbo presented the manor of the town (now Yichuan County, Luoyang, Henan Province) to Cheng, who built his own academy and gave lectures for nearly 20 years. Like Cheng Hao, he advocated that the purpose of education is to cultivate saints. "The sage's ambition is only for the elderly, friends believe, and a few are pregnant." The sage takes heaven and earth as his heart. "Everything is repeated, but it is appropriate." Therefore, education must take cultivating saints as its professional ambition. In terms of educational content, it advocates taking ethics as the foundation, and "a scholar must be a prophet." Benevolence is the same thing, and righteousness, wisdom and faith are all benevolent. "History of Song Dynasty" said that he "learned from the scriptures in good faith, took the university, the Analects of Confucius, Mencius and the golden mean as the key link, and reached the Six Classics".
Education focuses on moral education and self-cultivation through knowledge, discipline and poverty. "Knowing it, wisdom gradually becomes clear", knowing it lies in poverty, that is, doing justice. The way to know is to "do things right". "Ge Zhe, Zhi Ye" and "Ge" are the inner feelings of things and the understanding of their causes. "If the eyes and ears can see and hear but not be far away, the qi is limited and the heart is far away", so the key to understanding things lies in the "heart". The heart is "in harmony with heaven and earth, with the sun and the moon, not outside", so knowledge attaches importance to "inner feelings" rather than external things. In learning methods, emphasis is placed on seeking the meaning. "Anyone reading a text must first understand its meaning and then seek its meaning. Without knowing its meaning, no one will understand it. "
In addition, it advocates thinking when reading, "if you don't think deeply, you can't achieve your studies." Or: "Did the scholar get it without thinking?" His educational ideas and thoughts have a great influence on later education. Later generations once set up academies in the places where he gave lectures as a memorial, such as Henan Songyang Academy and Yichuan Academy. In addition, there are academies in memory of him all over the country, which are intended to follow suit and show his thoughts. His works were collected by later generations as Complete Works of Henan Ercheng, Collected Works of Cheng Yi, Yi Zhuan and Jing Shuo.
work
The theories of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi were later inherited and developed by Zhu, and were called "Cheng-Zhu School". Cheng Hao is the author of Quality Book and Knowing the Benevolence, and Cheng Yi is the author of Yi Zhuan and Yi Zhuan Ji. Later generations compiled his works into Two Complete Books, which were compiled and published by Zhonghua Book Company in 198 1 year.