Problem description:
In Zuo Zhuan, Jin Hou, Qin Bo and Zheng Bo are all kings of a country. Why should they be different?
Analysis:
The title of title is the title of title and title, which was awarded by the ancient emperor to nobles and nobles. According to the old saying, there were five titles in the Zhou Dynasty, namely, public title, Hou title, Bo title, sub-title and male title, and the title system of later generations often varied from time to time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Prince Liu Bangli was the king, and the seven chivalrous men were the king, among which Peng Yue was Liang Wang and Ying Bu was the king of Huainan. Wei was named King Chen; Don Guo Ziyi was named Guo Ziyi; Nuerhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, made his son Azig the Prince of England, Tudor the Prince of Yu and Haug the Prince of Su. For another example, in Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun sealed Lai Guogong, Wang Anshi sealed Jing Guogong, and Sima Guang was Wen Guogong; In Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang named Han Gong, Li Wenzhong named Cao Guogong, Liu Ji named Chengbo, and Wang Yangming named Xinbo. In the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan sealed the first-class Yi, left the second-class Hou and Li Hongzhang sealed the first-class Su Yibo.
Ancient title system in China
One of the ancient political classes in China. The pre-Qin title system, together with hereditary patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system, is often a symbol of political power. The title system after Qin dynasty (divided into title and title) is different from that before Qin dynasty. Jue has no administrative function, and is mainly used to determine the hereditary political status and economic rights of the royal family and heroes.
The records of titles in pre-Qin literature are mainly found in Mencius Zhang Wan. According to the Zhou Dynasty, there are five titles, namely, Emperor, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong. The Book of Rites published in his later years classified children except the son of heaven, that is, the so-called public, Hou, uncle, son and public. Whether the pre-Qin title system reflected in the literature is accurate or not is still controversial by scholars. However, referring to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions, it is certain that Xia Jue's system is unknown and the details of the commercial system are difficult to understand. Only the knighthood system from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period can roughly determine its rank and order.
The business departments recorded in the literature include Hou, Dian, Gong, Wei and Bang Bo, all of which belong to the "foreign service princes" besides Wang Ji. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins shows that "many parties" outside Yin State are often the enemies of Shang State. Their princes are called "Fang Bo" or "Bang Bo", such as Ren Fangbo, Fang Qiangbo, Yu Fangbo and Zhou Fang Bo. The princes on the border of Yin and State were called Hou and Bo respectively, such as Qi Hou, Gou Hou, Jing Bo and Song Bo. They were the vassals of the Shang kingdom, and they were often ordered by the Shang king to conquer many parties, and the Shang king often sent troops to help them. The difference between Fang Bo and his titles reflects the close relationship between these governors and Shang Wang.
Some scholars believe that Tian, Zi and Nan in Oracle Bone Inscriptions (or bronze inscriptions) in Shang Dynasty were also titles, but there is no conclusion yet.
According to the Spring and Autumn Jue of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it can be roughly divided into six grades: Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong:
Wang. Within the jurisdiction of the Zhou Dynasty, Wang refers to the Zhou Emperor. Other kings who are not the sons of heaven, such as ■, Lu and Feng Wang, belong to the leader of Rongdi. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the titles of king and vassal in bronze inscriptions were still confined to barbarian vassals with sparse relations with the Zhou Dynasty, namely Xu, Chu, Wu and Yue.
Gong. Senior officials of Tiandi called him Gong. They saw Duke Zhou, Bi, Ming, Jing, Mao and Rui. You can be sure of Song (Song), Song Gongwen (Song), Song Gong■ (Song) and Song Gongde (Song Zhaogong).
Hou. Hou was the most popular title in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. I mainly see princes surnamed Zhou, such as ■ (Yan) Hou, Lu Hou, Kang Hou, Xing Hou, Cai Hou, Teng Hou, Zeng Hou. Except for Tian Ji, who had an unusual relationship with him and replaced him, most of the Wang with different surnames named Hou were after the former emperors who were praised and sealed at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, or had "sealed" countries first, such as Zhu, Chen and Ji.
Bob. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, most of them were kings of small countries with few documents, and some of them were princes of Guinea, such as Rong Bo, Jing Bo, Du Bo, Shan Bo, San Bo, Zheng Bo, Guo Bo and Yi Bo. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the monarchs who explicitly called Bo were mainly Zheng Bo and Cao Bo.
Son. The sons in Jin Wenzhong obviously belong to the title of Jue, mainly Bei Zi and Shen Zi. None of the other philosophers in the literature has been proved by Jin Wen.
Male. The only baron in Spring and Autumn Annals is Guo Xu. 1967 A bronze tripod made by Xu in the late Western Zhou Dynasty was unearthed in Mawang Village, Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province, which confirmed that Xu was indeed a baron.
During the Warring States period, in addition to Chu and Yue, Wei, Qi, Zhao, Han, Yan and Zhongshan also became kings in the middle of the Warring States period, breaking through the marquis title since the Western Zhou Dynasty. Countries have successively carried out political reforms, abolished the traditional Shi Qing Shi Lu system, established centralized bureaucratic rule, and implemented the corresponding title system. The titles of Sanjin and Yanqi are generally still Qing and doctor. The highest title of Chu is Zhi ■, and the situation is quite special. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin implemented 20 military awards: male scholar, young man, young man, young man, young man, doctor, official doctor, successful man, warrior, long man, right man, left man, middle man, right man, young man, young man, young man, old man, and great man. Rank of Qin 20, accumulated to Guanneihou (19) and Chehou (20), can be used for grain tax or grain market; From a arrogant general to a male scholar with eighteen tastes, "it's like an official position."
In the early Han Dynasty, except for the rank of 20, the different surnames and the same surnames were successively enfeoffed as kings. The title of king has a strong color of enfeoffment, which is in sharp contrast with centralized system. Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing, especially Emperor Wu, carried out the policy of reducing vassals, restricted and weakened the power of kings, forbade them to lead the people to lead their own affairs, and only paid taxes on food, clothing and rent. At the same time, Liehou (formerly known as Chehou, avoiding the taboo of Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) was also separated from the twenty ranks, and together with the imperial rank, it constituted the title system. The knighthood system is from Shanhaiguan to Shanhaiguan. The main rights and interests of the title to the title are: to enjoy the title of county country or food city; Establish an official family; Hereditary title; Food and clothing tax; Have a high political status.
In the Han Dynasty, the titles were mainly Wang He and Liehou, as well as Princess Shiyi. The number of officials of Wang and Liehou varies with titles, but the power of appointment lies in the central government. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, he customized "If it weren't for Liu Wang" (which later evolved into a prince who was not a king) and "If it didn't succeed". The object of the king's award is the prince, who mainly awards heroes with different surnames, and the king's nobles are also princes. The princes of Chu established their country by region and connected cities across states, forming a trend of "big tail". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out the policy of rejuvenating the country and analyzing the country, and the king founded the country by county. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, once abolished the nobility and named nine kings as lord protector, and then revived. In the Han Dynasty, except Wang Mang and Cao Cao, all heroes with different surnames could only be named as Liehou. Liehou was established by counties and counties in the Western Han Dynasty, and some people ate rural pavilions, but they were not called township marquis or pavilion marquis. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liehou was officially divided into counties, townships and pavilions. Those with high grades eat the county seat, while those with low grades eat the rural pavilion. After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, political corruption led to a large number of consorts, officials and benefactors. Although it violates the principle of "not waiting for merit", the appellation order of county, township and Hou Ting has not changed.
When the title is passed on, the eldest son inheritance system is adopted. Ordinary sons and grandsons generally have no right to attack nobles. If you don't have a son to attack the Lord, you will be separated from the world. This is the so-called "no children to divide the country." When the emperor is close to an important hero, he can also be attacked by an ordinary son and grandson to show his special favor. This is the so-called "salt seal farewell". Shaofeng people's rights and interests are lower than normal attacks, and they only eat half the rent of the country. In addition, Princess Tom's food city can also be inherited by the princess's son, but this is not common.
The title system in Han dynasty had a great influence on later generations. Some important principles, such as vassals not engaging in political affairs, only taking food and clothing taxes, not being princes, not being kings, not receiving rewards, not having sons, not leaving the country, and sealing the marquis with salt, have been adopted by later generations to varying degrees.
Nineteen products in the Han Dynasty gave you a title, which was the same as that in the Qin Dynasty. Anyone who has been given a title can be "reduced in guilt", and those who have not been given a title are all scholars. Among the nineteen ranks, the ninth rank (five knights) or above is a high rank, also known as official rank, and enjoys the privilege of exemption from military service. The main way to get official rank is to serve as an official in military service. From the eighth level (public transport) to the first level (male scholar), it is a low order, also known as the Minjue. The main way to get the knighthood is to give it to the world because of special codes and disasters. According to the legal system, when a minjue is above eight grades, his relatives must be transferred, so unless there are special reasons, the minjue cannot be promoted to the official position. Another way to get official and civilian titles is to buy titles. Liu Heng, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, pioneered the worship and sale of nobility. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty specially designated the ranks of eleven military commanders, which were clearly marked for sale to ease financial difficulties. Since then, there have been many imperial edicts selling titles, and the titles tend to be outrageous. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, conferring titles became an "empty document" and was no longer valued by people at that time. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the knighthood system was abandoned.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were five lords. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the second-class titles of Wang and Liehou have evolved into the titles of Wang, Wu and Liehou. The Northern Dynasties abolished the title of marquis, and the titles of king and fifth rank became the main titles.
The king was knighted. There were kings, county kings (big, small and small) and county kings in the Western Jin Dynasty, each with a different number of food cities. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties, only usurpers with different surnames in the early Zen period were called kings, such as Song King and Xiao Daocheng King of Qi. Under normal circumstances, the prince can seal the county king (also divided into three levels: big, second and small). In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, many different surnames were crowned kings, but those who attacked princes were demoted to public. In the reform of filial piety, only the imperial clan was named king, and according to the distance between relatives and friends, it was divided into a king, a second king, a San Francisco king, and also a county king. At the end of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, there was another king above the county king, and the object was the prince. The political rights and interests of kings in previous dynasties were different. The kingdom of the Western Jin Dynasty was divided into three armies, two armies and one army according to their size, and each elected its own officials. In other dynasties, there was no right to buy soldiers and choose officials. However, it is a common phenomenon that kings can participate in politics and lead troops out of the city. Therefore, incidents of cannibalism occur from time to time, which constitutes a political pattern of king intervention and chaos.
The fifth knight Cao Wei has titles such as "xianggong" and "Timber". In the first year of Xianxi (264), Sima Jiawei was about to establish a fifth-class knighthood. Fifth-class titles, using titles such as Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong, etc., each title is divided into two levels: big and second, with a total of five grades and ten grades. Each level of title has mileage and city number, with square five miles and 200 cities as the difference, orderly. A knight of the fifth rank is above the second rank, lower than the king, but higher than the vassal. Among them, the duke and the marquis can have an army. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the five-class knighthood no longer limited the mileage in the government, and the first and second classes were combined into one, all of which were founded by the county or county, and the word "create" was used before knighthood. "Bo", "Zi" and "Ren" were knighted, and their ranks were reduced from second class to third class, fourth class and fifth class respectively. There was a seal in the late Northern Zhou Dynasty, so he became a permanent monarch above the county magistrate to seal the monarch and other important heroes. The order of titles is: lord protector, Chief, Chief, Hou, Uncle, Son and Male.
Lie Hou There were counties, townships and pavilions in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and their grades were below five categories. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the "Hou" in the five-rank titles was integrated, leaving only the township Hou and the pavilion Hou. The northern dynasties had no pillars.
Under the Marquis, there are also Houguan, Houguan and Houguan.
As far as innovation is concerned, there are "divided food system" and "virtual printing" in this period. "Grain-sharing system" means that the vassals extract the tax of food households according to a certain grain rent rate. For example, the governors of the Western Jin Dynasty ate a third; In the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, the food was divided into nine parts; In the Northern Wei Dynasty, the monarch was divided into two, the centimeter was three, Hou Bo was divided into four, and the son and man were divided into five. The "virtual seal system" refers to the title that does not seal the country's food city and does not eat rent. It differs from chivalry in that it can be hereditary. The typical virtual seal system is the three princes of the Northern Dynasty, such as the three princes, the three princes and the three uncles. In the early years of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, due to the limited tax, the founding of the People's Republic of China was knighted "though coarse soil was tin, no tax was given". In the second year of Baoding (562), Emperor Wu of Zhou ordered the governors (ten thousand households) to send grain to other counties and collect their rent. The number of vegetable farmers is only one tenth of that of the original food city. This example of delivering grain to households in reality provides a reference for the grain tax method of combining reality with reality in the future.
Please look after the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
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