Maintain total energy balance
Diabetic patients need to limit the amount of sugar and heat energy in clinic, so the daily heat energy is different from that of normal people.
Relationship between daily thermal energy requirement and body weight of adult diabetic patients
Nutritional status and heat demand (kcal/kg body weight)
Bed rest, light manual labor, moderate manual labor, heavy manual labor.
Pangpang 15 20 ~ 25 30 35
Zhengchang 10 ~ 20 30 35 40
Lose weight 20 ~ 25 35 40 40 ~ 45
For children, pregnant women, lactating women, malnourished and emaciated people, the daily calorie demand of adult diabetic patients listed in the above table should be increased as appropriate. For type 2 obese patients, the starting point of determining their thermal energy needs is to lose weight. During normal activities, the total heat energy in the diet is required to be 65,438+0,500 kcal for men and 65,438+0,200 kcal for women. According to this standard, you can effectively lose weight.
Maintain the balance of three nutrients.
The proportion of protein, fat and sugar in the daily diet of diabetic patients is different from that of normal people, as shown in the table:
Heat production rate of three thermogenic nutrients in different health states.
Nutrients, healthy people, diabetics
Protein10% ~12%15%
Fat 20% ~ 25% 25%
Sugar 60% ~ 70% 60%
1, sugar. A certain amount of sugar is necessary for balanced and moderate regulation of blood sugar. The heat energy provided by starch and flour in sugar should reach 40%. Cellulose contained in starch such as grains, flour and vegetables will affect the absorption rate of polysaccharide components. Therefore, increasing the intake of cellulose is an important measure to control blood sugar level. As for monosaccharide and disaccharide, it is now believed that there can be a small amount of sucrose and fructose in the diet of diabetic patients, but it should be carefully controlled and mixed with other foods.
2. protein. The energy supplied should account for 15% ~ 20%, which can meet the needs of children's physical growth and development and the needs of adult patients to maintain the structural integrity of their bodies. Choose complete protein rich in essential amino acids, such as eggs and lean meat.
3. Fat. The energy supplied should not exceed 25% ~ 30% of the total calories, and the saturated fat should be less than half. High-fat diet will increase the risk of diabetic patients complicated with coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases.
Maintain a balanced distribution of food.
1, reasonable distribution of diet, to help regulate blood sugar, make it in a stable state. The thermal energy distribution of three meals is 1/5, 2/5, 2/5 or 1/3, 1/3; Four meals are 1/7, 2/7, 2/7, 2/7, and five meals are 2/ 10, 3/ 10,10, 3//kloc-0. The distribution of heat energy should take care of patients' eating habits and be adjusted at any time according to their physical activity intensity and insulin application.
2, usually eat a variety of fruits and snacks, but also calculate the calorie content, and then deduct the equivalent calorie consumption of staple food.
3, should constantly change food, to arouse the appetite of patients, to ensure that the intake of various nutrients can meet the needs of the human body.
4. Examples of food quantity and diet throughout the day: staple food 225g, lean meat 100g, milk 250ml, dried bean curd 25g, vegetables 600g, vegetable oil 28g, fruit 1.
Total: sugar 2 16g, protein 60g and fat 44g.
Avoid food
1. Eat high-quality protein foods with low cholesterol, such as milk, eggs, bean products, fish and lean meat.
2. Foods with high starch content, such as rice, noodles, potatoes and vermicelli, can be eaten at will without increasing the total heat energy ratio. In cooking and food processing, saccharin, stevioside and other low-calorie sweeteners are used instead of sugar.
3, increase the intake of dietary fiber, in addition to coarse sugar, vegetables and fruits with high fiber content, you can also eat soy gum, pectin, wheat bran, seaweed gum, konjac and other foods.
4. Ensure the supply of fresh fruits and vegetables, but limit the fruits and vegetables with high sugar content, such as sugarcane, fresh dates, hawthorn and persimmon.
5. Sweets with high carbohydrate content, such as glucose, sucrose, maltose, honey, desserts, brown sugar, rock sugar, ice cream, candy, cookies, cakes, candied fruit, almond tea and other foods containing pure sugar, are prohibited.
6. The principle of diabetic diet cooking should be no sugar, no sweet and sour, and no restrictions on spices such as ginger. If patients want to eat sweets, they can use xylitol, saccharin or stevioside to flavor. These sweeteners do not provide heat energy, contain no nutrients, and are very sweet, which is 300 ~ 500 times that of sucrose.
7. Diabetic patients should eat less animal viscera, roe, fat, lard, butter and sheep oil. Eat less fried food, because high temperature will destroy unsaturated fatty acids.
8. Diabetic patients should not drink alcohol. Alcohol metabolism does not require insulin, so a small amount of alcohol is allowed. However, it is generally believed that diabetic patients should not drink alcohol, because alcohol does not contain other nutrients except heat, and long-term drinking is harmful to the liver, which is easy to cause hyperlipidemia and fatty liver. Some patients are prone to palpitation, shortness of breath and even hypoglycemia after drinking hypoglycemic drugs.
9. Diabetic patients should not eat more fruits. Fruit contains more fructose and glucose, which can be quickly absorbed by the human body, leading to an increase in blood sugar. In order to prevent hypoglycemia, patients should eat a small amount of fruit between meals or after exercise under the guidance of doctors, but pay attention to the changes of blood sugar and urine sugar. If the patient's condition is relatively stable, you can eat a small amount of fruit, but you should reduce the amount of staple food. In short, diabetics had better eat less fruits, especially fruits with high sugar content, such as bananas, grapes, persimmons and oranges. And it's best not to eat them.
dietotherapy
1. Soak lentils, peel them, grind them into fine pulp, and make pills with Trichosanthes root juice and honey, 20-30 capsules each time, 2-3 times a day.
2, onion 200g, lean pork 1 00g, salt, monosodium glutamate and other appropriate amount, stir-fry over high fire, eat after cooking, once a day1time.
3, 200 grams of mung beans, 400 grams of pumpkin, pumpkin washed and chopped, cooked with mung beans and water, cooked until the mung beans are cooked, you can take it. Eat often.
4. Appropriate amount of soybeans, washed and dried, soaked in rice vinegar, 30 capsules each time after 10, 4 ~ 6 times a day, for long-term consumption.
5, 500 grams of fresh celery, wash, chop, mash, take juice, boil and drink, daily 1 time.
6, 200 grams of yam washed and peeled, cut into pieces for use. Put 150g washed glutinous rice into a boiling water pot, cook until it is five-ripe, and then add yam tablets to cook. Daily 1 dose, taken twice.
7. Auricularia auricula 100g and lentils 100g, mashed and ground into fine powder, 9g each time, taken with boiling water, 2-3 times a day.
8, tofu 100g, add cooking oil, salt, monosodium glutamate, shredded ginger, chopped green onion, etc. , take 1 time twice a day.
9, 50 grams of fresh mushrooms, 50 grams of lean meat, salt, monosodium glutamate, shredded ginger, chopped green onion and so on. Add boiled soup and take it warm, once a day 1 time.
10, 60g of soybean curd with shell, decocted in water, and Tongdou, once a day, for 2-3 months.
1 1. Use 250 grams of fresh pomegranate every day to juice, and take it with warm water before meals, three times a day.
Suggestions on the conditioning of nutritional products;
■3 times dosage: protein powder, lecithin, spirulina, propolis.
■ twice dosage: garlic essential oil, B vitamins, β-carotene, vitamin C.
■ 1 time dosage: wheat germ oil (natural vitamin e tablets), multivitamin tablets.
Spirulina: Spirulina is an alkaline food with high nutrition, which can not only increase nutrition, but also change acidic constitution and regulate metabolic activities; It has a significant effect on the stability of diabetes.
Propolis: Propolis contains active enzymes such as trypsin and antiviral components, which has a positive effect on restoring pancreatic function. Flavonoids and terpenoids in propolis can promote the synthesis of glycogen from exogenous glucose and regulate blood sugar in both directions. Propolis can activate cells, promote tissue regeneration and repair damaged islet cells and tissues.
Lecithin: Lack of lecithin will reduce the function of pancreas, making it unable to secrete enough insulin and effectively transport glucose in blood to cells, which is one of the basic causes of diabetes.
White powder: It delivers various nutrients to cells and makes muscles, blood, skin and various body organs. Help the body to create new tissue to replace the damaged tissue.
B vitamins: reduce nervous system diseases, promote insulin secretion, make human tissue metabolism normal, relieve kidney diseases caused by diabetes, and prevent diabetic retinopathy.
Vitamin c: the role of preventing diabetic vascular disease; And can prevent diabetics from developing into infectious diseases.
Wheat germ oil (Bejian natural vitamin E tablets): prevents vascular diseases and gangrene, and promotes insulin secretion by pancreas.
Garlic essential oil: regulating blood sugar and preventing diabetes
Beta-carotene: It can be converted into vitamin A in the body, which can protect the retina from damage.
Multivitamin tablets: Zinc is rich in insulin synthesis, which can stabilize the structure of insulin.