Craniocerebral trauma is one of the most common diseases in neurosurgery, which is caused by external forces acting directly or indirectly on the head. The craniocerebral injuries we treated include: brain contusion and laceration, acute and chronic epidural hematoma, acute and chronic subdural hematoma, diffuse axonal injury, skull fracture, etc. After injury, it usually manifests as headache, vomiting, disturbance of consciousness, sensory disturbance and so on. The condition of craniocerebral injury is complex and changes rapidly, which is easy to cause adverse consequences. Many patients need hospitalization, and some even need surgery. In addition to routine surgery, drugs and other treatments, psychological counseling and functional exercise are helpful to the recovery of patients' health and the improvement of their quality of life. For example:

1. psychological counseling: most patients with craniocerebral injury are in a coma at the early stage, and some even stay in a coma for a long time. Generally, family members and nursing staff observe the changes of the disease. However, for conscious patients, the stimulation of pain and the threat of injury may lead to disability or even death, which makes them feel nervous and afraid. We should give them psychological comfort and encouragement, ensure their adequate sleep and improve their physical resistance. Patients in convalescence can't take care of themselves because of incontinence, which often leads to anxiety, depression and irritability. Patients should be comforted and encouraged to establish confidence in overcoming diseases, cultivate a healthy psychological state and actively strengthen functional exercise.

2. Nursing in convalescence: Patients with craniocerebral injury should try to reduce mental activity, think less about problems, don't watch long speeches, watch less exciting movies and TV programs, and listen to some light music appropriately to relieve tension. For those with severe headache and insomnia, analgesic drugs and sedative-hypnotic drugs can be taken as appropriate under the guidance of a doctor. Patients often have headache, nausea, tinnitus, insomnia and other symptoms, which generally disappear gradually within a few weeks to a few months. However, if there are symptoms such as dizziness, insomnia, irritability, inattention and memory loss for a long time, you should go to the hospital for further examination. Patients with post-traumatic syndrome should first eliminate their worries, relax their mentality, build up their confidence, take an active part in physical exercise and participate in some physical activities according to their own abilities. Patients with traumatic epilepsy should adhere to oral antiepileptic drugs under the guidance of doctors and follow up regularly. For patients with skull defect, it is necessary to protect the site of skull defect and come to the hospital for skull repair at an appropriate time.

Third, functional exercise: early functional exercise is of great significance to patients with craniocerebral injury and can be carried out under the guidance of professionals. Functional rehabilitation training of paralyzed limbs pays attention to small joints to large joints, from light to heavy, from passive to active, from proximal to distal, from lower limbs to upper limbs, step by step. Exercise in bed first, then get out of bed gradually, then exercise and walk. You need someone to protect you during training. The language function rehabilitation training of aphasia patients should start with the simplest "ah" sound, and then say practical words in life, such as eating, drinking, drinking and urinating. And strengthen training repeatedly until they can express their needs in complete sentences. For patients with urinary incontinence, it is necessary to close the catheter and keep urine. Open it every 2-4 hours when you want to urinate, and it is advisable to put 200-300 ml of urine each time. Gradually exercise its urination function and try to remove the catheter as soon as possible. Drink plenty of water at ordinary times, keep the urine color clear, and pay attention to prevent urinary tract infection.

Discharge guidance

1: Mild patients should be encouraged to take care of themselves as soon as possible, gradually resume their activities, combine work and rest, paralyze patients, and put their limbs in position.

Massage, functional exercise. Aphasia patients can be trained by mouth shape and pronunciation, from simple to complex, and repeated training can promote the recovery of language function and learn non-verbal communication methods.

2. Brain contusion and laceration can have sequela in different degrees, and some symptoms can gradually disappear with time. Please remain optimistic, take the initiative to participate in social activities and establish confidence in rehabilitation;

3. Patients with skull defect should pay attention to protect the defect site, go to public places as little as possible, wear safety helmet when going out, and repair the skull 3-6 months after operation;

4. You can't go out alone, climb high places, swim or drive when you have a seizure. You should take antiepileptic drugs regularly and quantitatively for more than 2 years according to the doctor's advice, and teach your family members the first-aid treatment when you have an epileptic seizure.

5. If the original symptoms get worse, you should see a doctor in time for headache, vomiting and incision inflammation;

After 6: 3-6 months, the outpatient department will review it;

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