1, Confucius. Confucius (55 BC1September 28th-BC 1 1 April) was born in Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and his ancestral home was Song (now Xiayi, Henan). He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. Confucius once led some disciples around the world 13 years, and revised the six classics in his later years, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, Yi, Spring and Autumn. According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts, with 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled the Confucian classic The Analects.
2. grandson. Sun Wu (about 545 BC-about 470 BC), whose real name was Changqing, was born in Le 'an (now northern Shandong Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He is honored as a soldier saint or grandson (Sun Wuzi), also known as "the most holy strategist", and is known as "the teacher of hundreds of battles" and "the originator of eastern military science". Sun Wu was active from the end of 6th century BC to the beginning of 5th century BC, from Qi State to Wu State, and was recommended by the senior minister of Wu State (Wu Zixu). He presented thirteen articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War to He Lv, the king of Wu, and was reused as a general. He once led Wu Jun to defeat the Chu army, occupied the capital of Chu, and almost destroyed Chu.
3, Lao zi, surnamed Li Minger, word stone, word Bo Yang. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the year of birth and death is unknown (Hu Shi once speculated that Laozi was born in the early years of Zhou Lingwang in 570 BC), and he was from Chenguoku County in the Spring and Autumn Period of Zhou Dynasty (Kuxian, the name of ancient county, is generally considered by historians to be in Luyi County, Henan Province). Politically, Laozi advocates the rule of inaction and the teaching of words. Politically, Lao Tzu pays attention to the truth that extremes meet. In terms of self-cultivation, Laozi is the ancestor of Taoist double cultivation, paying attention to modest and upright practice and not competing with others.
4. Mencius. Mencius (about 3765438 BC+0 BC-289 BC), Ji surnamed Meng, surnamed Ke, with unknown font size (the words "and" Zi Ju "were all from fake books or invented by later generations), and Zou Guo (now Zoucheng City, Shandong Province) was a Warring States. Mencius is one of the representatives of Confucianism, second only to Confucius, and is also called "Confucius and Mencius" with Confucius. Advocating "benevolent government", he first put forward the idea that "the people are more expensive than the monarch". The Original Road by Han Yu listed Mencius as a figure who inherited the Confucian orthodoxy in the pre-Qin period, while the Yuan Dynasty posthumously awarded Mencius as "elegant Gong Sheng Chen Shu" and honored him as "elegant sage". Mencius is a collection of essays compiled by Mencius and his disciples, which advocates "benevolence-oriented".
5. Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi, surnamed Zhuang Mingzhou and named Zi Xiu (also known as Zi Mu), was born in the Song Dynasty, and his ancestors were the monarch and duke of the Song Dynasty. Zhuangzi founded Zhuangzi, an important school of philosophy in China. He is a representative of the Taoist school in the Warring States period after Laozi, and one of the main representatives of the Taoist school. Zhuang Zhou should not be employed by Chu Weiwang because he advocates freedom. He only worked as a lacquer garden official in the Song Dynasty. History is called "the proud official of Qiyuan" and is regarded as a model of local officials. Zhuangzi first put forward the idea of "sage inside and king outside", which had a far-reaching influence on Confucianism. Zhuangzi has profound views on the Book of Changes, and profoundly pointed out that "the Book of Changes takes the way of Yin and Yang"; Zhuangzi's thought of "three tones" is consistent with the three talents in the Book of Changes. His masterpiece is Zhuangzi, among which the famous ones are Xiaoyao Tour and On Wuqi. As famous as Laozi, it is called Laozi and Zhuangzi.
6. Mozi. Mozi (the year of birth and death is unknown), whose real name is Zhai (dí), was born in the Song Dynasty in the late Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Early Warring States Period. [5], Teng Guoren said. Mozi is a descendant of Mu Yi, a noble in the Song Dynasty. He served as a doctor in the Song Dynasty. Mozi is the only philosopher born as a farmer in the history of China. Mozi founded Mohism, which had a great influence in the pre-Qin period, and was called "one of the best" with Confucianism. He put forward the viewpoints of "universal love", "non-aggression", "Shang Xian", "Shang Tong", "ambition", "ghost", "death", "unhappiness" and "frugality". Take universal love as the core, frugality and sage as the fulcrum. Mozi founded a set of scientific theories with outstanding achievements in geometry, physics and optics during the Warring States Period.
7. Han Feizi. Han Fei (about 280-233 BC) was born in Xinzheng (now xinzheng city, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province), the capital of South Korea during the Warring States Period. The legalist theory founded by Han Feizi provided a theoretical basis for the birth of the first unified and autocratic centralized state in China. ? Han Fei loved his motherland deeply, but he didn't get the attention of the king of South Korea. In order to get Han Fei, the king of Qin sent troops to attack South Korea. After Han Fei entered Qin, his strategy of "protecting Han from Qin" could not be used by Qin. Han Fei was jailed for impeaching Shangqing Yao Jia, which led to Yao Jia's revenge. After Reese went to prison, he was poisoned. Although Han Feizi died, his legalist thoughts were reused by Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, and Han Feizi was regarded as the key to governing the state of Qin. Help Qin enrich Qiang Bing and finally unify the six countries. Han Fei's thought is profound and advanced, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Extended data:
In the history of China, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the most brilliant times in ideology and culture. During this period, an unprecedented academic situation of a hundred schools of thought contended, which played an important role in the history of China's thought. According to Hanshu? There are 189 books and 4324 works in Yiwenzhi. Later books, such as Annals of Sui Shu Classics and Records of Sikuquanshu, recorded thousands of "schools of thought contend". There are only ten well-known companies that are widely circulated, influential and famous. To sum up, only 10 schools have developed into schools.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin removed the novelist from "Seven Views of Zhuzi" and called it "Nine Streams". Commonly known as "ten families and nine streams" is from here. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the achievements of various ideological and academic schools complemented the ancient Greek civilization at the same time. The three philosophical systems represented by Confucius, Laozi and Mozi have formed a prosperous situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend.
Baidu encyclopedia-Confucius
Baidu encyclopedia-grandson
Baidu encyclopedia-Laozi
Baidu encyclopedia-Mencius
Baidu Encyclopedia-Zhuangzi
Baidu encyclopedia-Mozi
Baidu Encyclopedia-Han Feizi