Plato is also the first person in the history of western education to put forward a complete pre-school education thought and establish a complete education system. Plato began to engage in educational research activities in middle age. Starting from the philosophical thought that idea precedes matter, he emphasized rational exercise in the education system. He put children aged 3-6 under the care of nannies, and they would gather in the village temple to play games and listen to stories and fairy tales. Plato thinks these are very instructive. After the age of 7, children will begin to learn all kinds of knowledge and skills that soldiers need, including reading, writing, calculating, riding, throwing guns, archery and so on. From the age of 20 to 30, those students who show special interest in abstract thinking will continue their studies and learn arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and acoustics, so as to exercise their thinking ability and make them begin to explore the mysteries of the universe. Plato pointed out the significance of each subject to the development of abstract thinking. He advocates that future rulers should further study dialectics after the age of 30 to gain insight into the world of thought. In five years, he can be the king of philosophy that rules the country.

Idealism teaching

All human knowledge comes from talent, which exists in the human soul in a potential way, so knowledge is not a feeling of the world material, but a memory of the conceptual world. The purpose of teaching is to restore people's inherent knowledge. The teaching process is the process of recalling ideas. In teaching, Plato attaches great importance to the understanding of universality and generality, especially to the cultivation of students' thinking ability, and points out that concepts and truth are the products of pure thinking. At the same time, he also pointed out that students can recall the conceptual world through its shadow in the phenomenal world, and admitted the stimulating effect of feeling in cognition. He particularly emphasized the role of early education and environment in children. What a child touches in his childhood has a permanent influence on him. In the teaching process, students' memories should be aroused through the perceptual inspiration of specific things, and the conceptual knowledge inherent in the soul should be reproduced through reflection and thinking. In this respect, Plato's teaching knowledge is a kind of transcendentalism.

Phased teaching

Plato's teaching system is pyramidal. In order to develop rationality, he set up a comprehensive and rich curriculum system. He divided students into several age stages according to their psychological characteristics and gave them different teaching subjects. Children aged 0-3 are taken care of in the nursery. Children aged 3-6 engage in stories, games, singing and other activities on the playground. After the age of 6, children enter primary schools to receive primary courses. In terms of teaching content, Plato accepted Athens' educational thought of exercising with gymnastics and cultivating the harmonious development of mind with music, arranged a series of simple activities for children, such as reading, writing, calculating and singing, and also attached great importance to sports training projects such as gymnastics. 65,438+07-20-year-olds go to the National Everbright to receive military education, and study cultural subjects in combination with military needs, mainly arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. 20-30 years old, after strict selection, 10 years of science education, focusing on developing young people's thinking ability, continuing to learn "four subjects" and understanding the relationship between natural sciences. After I was 30 years old, I studied philosophy for five years after further choice. At this point, Plato's relatively complete pyramid teaching system has been formed.

Put forward four themes

According to its teaching purpose, Bertrand absorbed and developed the "three arts" of the wise and the military physical education curriculum of Sparta, and also summarized the teaching practice experience of Athens. He first put forward "four subjects" (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) in the history of education, and then it became the backbone and guiding source of the ancient Greek curriculum system, dominating European secondary and higher education 1500 years.

Teaching viewpoint

Each subject has its own unique function, and all learning will contribute to the development of personality. /kloc-before the age of 0/7, the extensive and comprehensive subject content is to cultivate the general literacy of citizens, and for future philosophers, the above subjects are essential knowledge preparation for learning dialectics. Grammar and rhetoric are the basis of learning philosophy; Arithmetic is to train people's analytical ability and thinking ability: learning geometry and astronomy is very important for sailing, marching, observing the climate and exploring the universe; Learning music is to cultivate soldiers' courage and noble moral sentiments. At the same time, he also attaches great importance to the selection and purification of various teaching materials, such as language, stories, myths, epics and so on. So as to meet the moral requirements and promote children's mental development.

As far as teaching methods are concerned, Plato followed Socrates' question and answer method, and regarded the process of recalling existing knowledge as a process of teaching and inspiration. He opposed to instilling knowledge by force, and advocated asking questions in the form of questions and answers, exposing contradictions, then analyzing, summarizing, synthesizing and judging, and finally drawing a conclusion.