Test site one? The concept of educational psychology
Educational psychology is the product of the combination of psychology and educational situation, and it is a science that studies the basic psychological laws of students' learning and teachers' teaching in the process of school education.
Test site two? Five elements and three processes of learning and teaching
1. Five elements: students; Teachers; Teaching content; Teaching media; Teaching environment.
2. Three processes: learning process; Teaching process; Evaluation/reflection process.
Chapter VI Psychological Development and Education of Students
Test site one? Basic characteristics of students' psychological development
1. Continuity and Stages: The psychological development of people is a process of continuous development from low to high, and it is also a process of changing from quantitative to variable. However, in the lifelong psychological development, the specific psychological functions will present different stages of qualitative differences.
2. Orientation and smoothness: psychological development always has a certain direction and order under normal circumstances, which is irreversible and insurmountable.
3. Imbalance: In the development process of individual psychology from birth to maturity, the development process of various psychological functions is not synchronous, and it does not always develop linearly at the same speed, which is mainly reflected in two aspects:
(1) The different processes of individual different systems in development speed, development start and end time and maturity;
(2) The same functional characteristics have different development speeds in different development periods.
4. Differences: Individual psychological development follows common laws, but there are also individual differences.
Test site two? Individual psychological development stage
Individual psychological development can be divided into eight stages: infancy (0- 1 year); Infantile period (1-3 years old); Early childhood (3-6, 7 years old); Childhood (6,7-11,12 years old); Puberty (1 1, 12- 14, 15 years old); Youth (14, 15-25 years old); Adult period (25-65 years old); Old age (after 65).
Test site three? Definition of learning preparation
Learning preparation refers to the adaptability of students' original knowledge level or psychological development level to new learning, that is, the level and characteristics of students' personal physical and mental development that promotes or hinders learning when learning new knowledge.
Test site four? Definition of critical period
Critical period refers to a certain period of individual behavior and ability development, during which individuals are particularly sensitive to certain stimuli. After this time, the same stimulus has little or no effect on it.
Test site five? Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
1. Basic content: The realization of human cognitive function is realized through the interaction between external stimuli and the existing cognitive structure of the subject.
2. Basic concepts:
(1) Schema refers to the way individuals perceive, understand and think about the world, that is, the structure and organization of psychological activities.
(2) Assimilation: that is, environmental factors are incorporated into the existing schema, making it a part of itself, thus strengthening and enriching the original schema.
(3) Adaptation: refers to the process that an organism adjusts its internal structure to adapt to a specific stimulus situation.
(4) Balance: the process that individuals make cognitive development transition from one balanced state to another higher balanced state through self-regulation mechanism.
3. The stages of cognitive development:
(1) Perceived motor stage (0-2 years old): The main feature is the differentiation of sensation and movement. When the baby is more than one year old, his sensory movements are developing to the degree of permanence; Babies close to two years old can have deferred imitation.
(2) Pre-operative stage (2-7 years old): The main features are: the tendency of concentrated perception; Irreversibility of thinking; Self - centered doctrine
(3) Specific operation stage (7- 1 1 year): The main features are: concreteness of thinking; Thinking is conservative and reversible; Self-centered.
(4) Formal operation stage (1 1 year-old to adulthood): The biggest feature is to get rid of the shackles of concrete perceptible things in thinking, liberate the form from the content and enter the formal operation stage. The main features are: abstract logical thinking: hypothesis-deductive reasoning.
Test site six? Vygotsky's Cognitive Development Theory
Basic content:
(1) internalization theory: all advanced psychological functions are initially expressed in the form of external actions in interpersonal communication, and then gradually internalized into internal intellectual actions through repeated changes.
(2) The theory of "zone of proximal development": Teaching should not only adapt to a reasonable level of development, but also adapt to the zone of proximal development, so as to stay ahead of development and finally reach a new level of development.
The concept of the nearest development zone in test center 6
The zone of proximal development refers to the difference between the level at which children can solve problems under the guidance of adults and the level at which they can solve problems independently, which is actually a transitional state between two adjacent development stages.
Test site seven? Erickson's theory of personality development stages
Eriksson regards personality development as a gradual process and extends it to the process of human life. He believes that personality development goes through eight stages in the same order, and each stage faces a development crisis and development task: (1) basic trust versus basic distrust (0- 1.5 years old); (2) Sense of autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt (2-3 years old); (3) Initiative versus guilt (4-5 years old); (4) Diligence and inferiority (6- 1 1 year); (5) Role confusion caused by self-identity (12- 18 years old); (6) Intimacy and loneliness (early adulthood); (7) Reproductive consciousness and stagnation (middle adulthood); (8) Self-integration and despair (later adulthood).
The concept of self-identity in test center 8
Self-identity refers to the self-consistent image formed by individuals organizing their own motives, abilities, beliefs and activities.
Types of parental rearing patterns in experimental site No.9
According to parents' emotional attitude towards children and parents' requirements and control over children, four parenting styles are formed: authoritative parenting style; Arbitrary parenting style; Pampering parenting style; Neglect parenting style.
Cognitive differences of students in test center 10
1. Field-independent type and field-related type (witkin)
(1) field independents tend to use their own internal reference when judging objective things, and are not easily influenced and interfered by external factors; Being cognitively independent of the surrounding background, they tend to handle things at the level of abstraction and analysis and judge things independently.
(2) Field-dependent people tend to take external reference as the basis of information processing, and their attitudes and self-perception are more easily influenced and interfered by people around them, especially authoritative people. They are good at observing words and feelings, paying attention to and remembering social contents in verbal information.
2. Impulse and meditation
(1) People with impulsive cognitive style often form their own opinions quickly when solving problems. When answering a question, we often make a hasty decision based on part of the information of the question or without a thorough analysis of the question. Quick reaction, but easy to make mistakes.
(2) People with reflective cognitive style are not in a hurry to answer questions, but tend to think carefully and react after considering the questions thoroughly. They value the quantity of solving problems, not the speed.
3. Convergence and divergence
(1) convergent cognitive style refers to the process of solving problems, which is manifested in the process of collecting or synthesizing information and knowledge, using logical laws to narrow the scope of answers until the most appropriate and only correct answer is found.
(2) Divergent cognitive style means that individuals often show the characteristics of divergent thinking in the process of solving problems, which is manifested in the expansion of personal thinking in many different directions, so that thoughts spread to all relevant aspects, and ultimately produce a variety of possible answers rather than the only correct answer.
Ten kinds of special children in kaodian
A child with excellent qualifications; Children with mental retardation (also known as mental retardation): blind, deaf and dumb children; Emotionally troubled children; Children with learning difficulties.
XI. Concept of socialization of test sites
Socialization is a process in which individuals accept social influence, master social behavior norms and values, and become social people who meet social requirements.
Test center 12? The concept of impression
Impression is a subjective understanding of the general characteristics of cognitive objects after analyzing and judging their attributes according to past experience.
Test center thirteen? First Cause Effect and recency effect
1. First cause effect: Also known as initial effect, it means that the information obtained first plays a more important role in the process of social cognition.
2. recency effect: Also known as recency effect, it means that in the process of social cognition, the information recently obtained plays a more important role in the impression.
3. Halo effect, also known as halo effect, means that when the cognitive object has some good qualities, we can give him other good qualities that he does not have.
4. Social stereotype refers to a set of general, generalized and fixed views people hold about some people or things, and takes this view as the basis for evaluating people or things.
Test center 14? social influence
1. Conformity: refers to the tendency of an individual to change his perception, judgment, belief or behavior under the pressure of a group to keep it consistent with most people in the group.
2. Obedience: refers to the behavior of individuals to meet external requirements due to external pressure.
3. Obedience: also known as obedience, refers to the tendency to do according to the requirements of others under the direct requirements of others, that is, the act of accepting others' requirements and satisfying them.
4. Hint: Generally speaking, under the condition of non-confrontational attitude, the psychology and behavior of others are influenced in an implicit and indirect way, so that the thoughts and behaviors of others are consistent with those of the suggester. Hint is the most basic way of interpersonal communication and interaction.
5. Imitation: refers to the behavior pattern in which an individual makes his own behavior the same as others' because of the influence of others' behavior without external control.
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