:: Section I: Asia and Europe

1. Most parts of Asia are located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere, with a long longitude span → many climate types (root cause: earth rotation). 2. China is located in Dongba District. 3. The topographical features of Asia:

① The terrain is dominated by mountains and plateaus, with a high average elevation. ② The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height is very different. ③ The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

4. Everest-the top of the earth. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-the roof of the world. 5. Main terrain types in Asia:

Plateau and mountain. Asia has the widest continental climate and the most prominent monsoon (land and sea factors). The most prominent climate in Europe is maritime climate and Mediterranean climate. 6. The river gap is large-urgent-hydraulic resources; Small gap-slow transportation value

7. The length and flow of Asia are the first: the Yangtze River.

Mekong River (Lancang River) is the largest international river flowing through Asian countries.

The distribution characteristics of Asian river networks are as follows: ① Most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountainous areas, and flow radially into the sea along the terrain; ② The internal flow area is vast, and both the Syr Darya River and Amu Darya River flow into the Aral Sea; 8. Asia is the most populous continent in the world, accounting for 60% of the world's total population. :: Section II: Africa.

1. Independent African countries before World War II: Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, etc. were all colonies of European countries such as Britain and France.

2. African topography: high in the southeast and low in the northwest, dominated by plateau-plateau continent. 3.① Ethiopian Plateau-the roof of Africa ② Kilimanjaro-the highest peak in Africa ③ The largest bay in Africa-the Gulf of Guinea ④ The largest island in Africa-Madagascar ⑤ The largest peninsula in Africa-the Somali Peninsula.

⑥ The largest desert in the world-the Sahara Desert ⑥ The Great Rift Valley in East Africa-a big scar on the earth.

4. Africa has a simple climate and is called "tropical continent", which has the largest arid area in the world. Congo basin is one of the three major tropical rain forest areas in the world, and African savanna is the largest in all continents. In addition to developing animal husbandry, it has also been reclaimed as cultivated land. The climate is centered on the equator (tropical rainforest climate) and distributed symmetrically in the north and south.

6. Agriculture is an important sector of African economy, and corn is the most widely planted field and the staple food of rural residents.

1. Bering Strait is the only passage between the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Third line: 1, the dividing line between Asia and North America; 2. The border between Russia and the United States; 3. International international date line. 2. Isthmus of China and the United States: the narrow land in southern Mexico and northern Colombia (Central America). 3. America south of the United States speaks Spanish/Portuguese, which is called "Latin America".

4. North American topography:

1, the average altitude is high and the terrain fluctuates greatly.

2. The terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the west is a tall mountain system and the middle is a vast plain. The eastern part is the low plateau. 3. Many lakes are products of glaciation (except Antarctica). 5. South American topography: ① high in the west and low in the east. ② The eastern plateau and plain alternate. 6. South America is the wettest continent in the world. 7. The reason for the large annual average flow in the mouth of the Amazon River: 1. The Amazon plain is relatively high on three sides.

9. Mexico is the origin of corn, and the capital, Mexico City, is the largest economic center in China. Brazil is the most developed country in industry and agriculture in South America.

Project/North American continent

South America. See AMERICA

The five zones cover an area of more than 2,400 square kilometers, most of which are located in the north temperate zone, and most of them are located in the longest mountain range in the tropics, the longest river in the Rocky Mountains, the longest river in the Andes, the Mississippi River and the Amazon River. The main climate types are temperate continental and sub-frigid coniferous forests, tropical rainforests and tropical grasslands.

The largest countries, Canada and Brazil.

The main race is white.

The type of country in which mixed-race is dominant (national melting pot)

The United States and Canada are developed countries.

Are all developing countries.

Chapter II Understanding the Region

:: Section I: Southeast Asia

1. Crops in Indochina Peninsula are sown in rainy season and harvested in dry season; Malaysia can sow at any time and harvest all year round. 2. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world, and is known as "the country of volcanoes" and "the country of thousands of islands". 3. Regional topographic features.

Climatic characteristics

Characteristics of rivers: mountains and rivers alternate in Indochina Peninsula, vertically distributed, high in the north and low in the south.

It is dominated by tropical monsoon, with sharp upstream and gentle Malay archipelago downstream.

Rugged terrain, mountainous and volcanic earthquakes.

Tropical rain forest is the main river, and the river is short and fast.

4. Southeast Asia, located at the intersection of Asia and Oceania, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, is an important maritime and air transport hub. Malacca Strait is a natural waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and it is also an important waterway connecting ports along the coast of Europe and the Indian Ocean with ports on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.

5. Garden City-Singapore. Southeast Asia is rich in tropical cash crops, and rice is widely planted.

6. Thailand-natural rubber, palm oil; Philippines-coconut, coconut oil. Tin, Malaysia.

7. The population of Southeast Asia is concentrated in the alluvial plain, estuary delta and coastal plain on both sides of the river, which is the most concentrated area of overseas Chinese in the world.

1. South Asian subcontinent-the continental part of South Asia.

2. The topography of South Asia: high in the north and south, low in the middle, divided into three major topographic regions. 3. South subtropical monsoon climate:

1, March-May: In the hot season, the southwest monsoon has not yet come, with high temperature and little rain;

2. June-10: In the rainy season, the southwest monsoon brings a lot of rain and is hot and humid;

3.11-February of the following year: cool season, prevailing northeast monsoon, cool and pleasant. Affected by the southwest monsoon, South Asia is prone to droughts and floods.

4. Agriculture in South Asia is dominated by rice cultivation, mainly distributed in the northeastern and western coasts of India and the western part of Bangladesh. 5. South Asia is the birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism, and Buddhism spreads in Sri Lanka and Bhutan; Hinduism prevails in India and Nepal; * * * Religion is spread in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Maldives. 6. India has the largest number of cattle in the world and the fastest economic development in South Asia. The computer software industry occupies an important position in the world. The Taj Mahal is a tourist attraction in India. :: Section III: Western Asia.

1. Five seas: Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Red Sea and * * * Sea; Three continents: Asia, Europe and Africa; Second Strait: Hormuz, Turkey; Two bays: Persian Gulf and Gulf of Aden; A canal: Suez.

The Red Sea is the longest and saltiest sea in the world. The Caspian Sea is the largest lake in the world. The Strait of Hormuz is the lifeline of the west.

4. West Asia is hot and dry, with vast desert area, developing animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture.

5. Turkey-Ankara wool. Afghanistan-purple sheepskin. Wool carpets-Afghanistan, Iran, etc. 6. Agriculture is mainly distributed in valley plains and oases in deserts. Mesopotamia Plain (two rivers plain) is the main irrigated agricultural area in West Asia, and Israel has made great achievements in developing water-saving agriculture (drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation). 7. Iraq is the main producing area of date palms.

8. South Asia is one of the major settlements of the world's * * * people and the birthplace of Christianity, Judaism and * * * religion (* * * people believe in * * * religion). Mecca, the ancient city of Saudi Arabia, is the first holy place of religion. Mecca * * * Temple is the largest * * * temple in the world. All three religions are capitals.

9. West Asia is the region with the most oil in the world, mainly exported to Western Europe, the United States and Japan, mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coast.

:: Section IV: Western Europe

1. There is no tropical climate type in Western Europe, and most of them are developed countries. 2. The European Union (EU) has 15 member states and uses the common currency-Euro.

3. There are concentrated industrial powers such as Germany, France, Italy and Britain. Agriculture accounts for a small proportion in western European economy, but its production level is high. 4. Norwegian fjords, Swiss peaks, Spanish beaches, French villages, Rome, the ancient capital of the Millennium, Vienna (Austria), the city of music, and Paris, the capital of art; France, Spain and Italy are the three major tourist countries in Europe.

5. "Watch Kingdom"-Switzerland; European Ranch and Food Bank-Denmark; Norway-marine fisheries; Netherlands-flower planting.

Section 5: Arctic and Antarctic regions

1. The country with the highest latitude in the northern hemisphere: Iceland in Europe. 2. Antarctica is the continent with the highest average elevation in the world, and 98% of the land is covered with ice and snow. It is also the continent with the strongest wind and the least precipitation, and 68% of the fresh water in the world is stored at the poles in the form of ice and snow. 3. Why is Antarctica colder than the North Pole? land

The main inhabitants of the Arctic Circle are Inuit.

Chapter III Approaching the Country

* Section I: Japan

1. The territory of Japan: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Tokyo, the capital, is mainly Yamato, and Japanese is widely spoken. 2. Japan is a mountainous island country, 3/4 of its territory is mountains and hills, the largest plain is Kanto Plain, and the rivers are short and swift.

3. Japan mainly belongs to temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate, with four distinct seasons, more precipitation, warm in winter and cool in summer. The climate has obvious maritime characteristics, and it is often hit by typhoons in summer and autumn. 4. Japanese trade targets: the United States, China and Europe.

5. Japanese industry is mainly distributed in the Pacific coast and Seto inland sea coast.

6. The transportation industry is developed, with international freight mainly by sea and international passenger mainly by air. :: Section II: Egypt.

1. Egypt is the whole Republic of Egypt, guarding the throat of the world's important oil transportation line (Suez Canal), with 87% of the population of * * *, and Cairo, the capital, is the largest city in Egypt.

2. Agricultural products are distributed along the Nile, and the main means of transportation is ships. It mainly produces long-staple cotton, corn, wheat, rice, onions, beans and fruits. The Nile is the "mother river" of Egypt. Egypt is called "the country of desert". 3. The pyramids are the tombs of pharaohs in ancient Egypt, and the largest and highest pyramids in the world are pyramid of khufu. * Section III: Russia.

1. Russia is the country with the longest longitude span in the world and the only country that spans two continents and the eastern and western hemispheres. 2. The terrain is mainly plain, with high terrain in the southeast and low terrain in the northwest.

3. Most areas have temperate continental climate, with long and cold winters and short and cool summers. The population is mainly concentrated in the plains of eastern Europe. The total runoff of Russian rivers is the second in the world, and Lake Baikal in Siberia is the deepest and freshest lake in the world. Moscow, the Russian capital, is the largest city, comprehensive industrial center and political, cultural and transportation center in China.

1. France has a temperate maritime climate with high terrain in the southeast and low terrain in the northwest. The precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, and there are basically no droughts and floods. 2. Plains and hills account for 4/5. It accounts for 3% of the national area. The proportion of nuclear power in power generation exceeds 70%. * Section V: United States.

1. Composition: 48 states+Washington, D.C.+Alaska, Hawaii (overseas states) 2. The only country that spans hot, cold and warm areas.

The United States is a big agricultural country in the world, but tropical agricultural products such as coffee, cocoa and natural rubber need to be imported in large quantities. 4. The terrain of the United States is mainly plain (50%), and the Appalachian Mountains are in the southeast. The Great Lakes is the largest freshwater lake group in the world. 6.p85 distribution map of agricultural belt.

7. American agriculture is very dependent on the international market and often faces the problem of surplus agricultural products. There have been many "black storms". At present, many farms implement rotation system and no-tillage method.

8. Industrial distribution is divided into three regions: Northeast China: traditional industries; South: it has aircraft, aerospace and electronic industrial bases; And the west: emerging industries such as aerospace, electronics and information technology.

9. The population of the United States is unevenly distributed. The densely populated areas are coastal plains and the Great Lakes, while the western plateau and mountainous areas are sparsely populated. There are many skyscrapers on Wall Street. There are many financial and insurance institutions; Los Angeles is the largest port city and economic and cultural center along the Pacific coast, where Hollywood and Disneyland are located. San Francisco, also known as San Francisco and San Francisco, is one of the centers of American finance, trade, education and culture. It is a natural harbor with Chinatown and Silicon Valley (synonymous with high technology and the largest high-tech industrial zone in the world).

1 1. Chicago-Transportation Center; Detroit-automobile industry center. Pittsburgh iron and steel industry center. :: Section 6: Brazil

1. Brazil is the largest country in South America, and its terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus. It has the largest area of tropical rain forest in the world and is known as the "world animal and plant kingdom". The Amazon Plain was formed by the impact of the Amazon River (river and ocean). 2. Regional/Climatic Climate Types Climate Characteristics Amazon Plain

tropical rainforest climate

It is hot and rainy all year round.