The rural education movement was a social movement in China in the 1920s, aiming at improving rural life and promoting rural construction by educating farmers. The reason is more complicated. Generally speaking, it is because some educators think that China's modern education system is copied from foreign countries, which is not suitable for the needs of China society, let alone China rural society. Rural education is particularly backward and needs to be reformed urgently. Especially after the rural areas in modern China suffered from natural and man-made disasters, and the rural economy was on the verge of collapse and bankruptcy, some educators advocated "going to the countryside" and "going to the people", which not only strongly advocated and aroused public opinion, but also engaged in the field and saw actions. Since then, the call for "revitalizing the countryside" and "building the countryside" has become a social trend of thought in old China. At that time, people who advocated this kind of social movement all over the country stood in different positions and viewpoints, and their goals were different, and their rural undertakings also had their own characteristics. Some take education as the center; Some focus on production; Some are centered on political organizations; Some are centered on self-defense organizations; Some focus on changing rural life; Some combine politics, economy and education, but tracing back to this rural cause, education generally begins in the countryside. Later, due to the different needs of all social strata, the scope was gradually expanded. Finally, there are various rural undertakings (politics, economy, education, etc. ) is integrated, education is still the hub, so the rural construction movement has become a generalized rural education movement.

[Edit this paragraph] Prometheus of the Revolution: a rural teacher in the Republic of China

Fudan University [font class = "apple-style-span" style = "font-family: verdana; font-size: 15px； Line height: 27px Text conversion: uppercase; " Id="bks_kkrpllu"] Liu Chang pointed out in his article that "[/font] [font class =" apple-style-span "style =" color: RGB (51,51); Font series: Verdana height: 25px" Id="bks_fkpoh67x"] In the early rural revolutionary activities in the Communist Party of China (CPC), one social group was particularly active, that is, rural teachers from all over the country. In many places, it was rural teachers who set up the first local party organization, first publicized revolutionary ideas among farmers and first carried out revolutionary activities in rural areas. According to the author's extensive reading of relevant historical materials, it is estimated that 70-80% of rural party organizations in the early days of the Communist Party of China (CPC) were founded by rural teachers. If this estimate is correct, we can be sure that rural teachers played the role of Prometheus in the China Revolution. " [/font]

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[Edit this paragraph] Rural education activities in various places

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[/font] Since Yan Zi 1923 became the Director-General of China Civic Education Promotion Association, she has been mainly engaged in literacy campaigns for urban residents. Later, he paid attention to farmers by analyzing the number of illiterate people and moved to rural areas to study farmers' education. 1926, the association selected Dingxian County, Hebei Province as the experimental area in North China, and started with Zhaicheng Village to carry out civilian education, agricultural improvement and social investigation. It was not until 1929 that the Association concentrated on the experiment in Dingxian County. They use school-style, social-style and family-style "three ways" to carry out "four major education" on people's livelihood, literature, health and people, in an attempt to solve what they call "four major diseases" in rural China, namely: poverty, ignorance, weakness and selfishness; And realize the "six major constructions" of politics, education, economy, self-defense, health and customs.

1926 China Vocational Education Society set up a rural improvement area in Xugongqiao, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province to promote social education and improve primary education. Their purpose is to improve the culture, cultivate new farmers, make farmers have independent ability and improve agriculture at the same time.

1926, Tao Xingzhi, Director-General of China Education Reform Society, advocated that rural schools should be the center of transforming rural life, and emphasized that farmers should be educated to have the ability to conquer nature, transform society, self-reliance and self-defense, and organized Xiaozhuang School, which will open next spring and become an important position of rural education movement. His attempt to transform rural life with education is utopian, but his opposition to feudal traditional education and blind "ethics of other countries" is of progressive significance. After Xiaozhuang School was closed by the Kuomintang government, Tao Xingzhi founded the Shanhai Engineering Corps, focusing on cultivating farmers' military, production and scientific capabilities.

Shandong Rural Construction Research Institute represented by Liang Shuming was established in 193 1. In addition to guiding graduate students and training rural service personnel, rural schools and rural schools are also set up in Zouping and Heze experimental counties. This kind of school is a modification and supplement to the "village agreement" system implemented in the Song and Qing Dynasties. With the emergence of schools, it is composed of "village leaders" (landlords and gentlemen), "scholars (farmers)" and "intellectuals (teachers) who are interested in rural sports". In fact, this organization is a combination of politics, economy, education and self-defense. It not only educates farmers in patriarchal ideology and trains landlords in armed forces, but also exercises the administrative power of a township (village). There is a farm attached to Shandong Rural Construction Research Institute for students to practice agriculture, and it is also a place for agricultural promotion in experimental counties.

In 1930s, Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Education, represented by Levin, set up a research and experiment department, and set up Huibei experimental area and Beixia experimental area in Wuxi to carry out rural adult education, audio-visual education and agricultural education, improve sericulture, cultivate fish and trees, and increase agricultural output.

In addition to Wuxi, Jiangsu, Dingxian, Hebei, Zouping, Shandong and Sichuan Rural Construction College, there are also engineering experiments in the rural education department of Shanghai Lida College. Agricultural and Industrial Experimental Class of Hu Xiang Rural Normal School; People's livelihood-oriented education experiment of rural 22 nd society in Jinjiaxiang, people's education experimental area of Daxia University; The Ministry of Rural Construction and Qinghe Experimental Zone established in yenching university, as well as the North China Rural Construction Association jointly organized by Nankai University, Jinling University, yenching university, Union Medical College and the Association for the Promotion of Civilian Education, all conducted research experiments and training. The North China Rural Construction Association moved to Ding Fan, Guizhou Province during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, and was renamed as the Rural Construction Association, and established the Rural Politics College to train the fourth-grade students and graduate students in each school. Sichuan Institute of Education in Chongqing was established on the basis of Sichuan Institute of Rural Construction. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Institute conducted research and experiments on rural construction in Baxian and other places. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's period, Yan also founded the Yucai College of Rural Construction in Xiemachang, near Chongqing, and later changed it to the College of Rural Construction. After the Anti-Japanese War, the Department of Rural Education in the College of Literature, West China Sheikh University, Chengdu was changed to the Department of Rural Construction, with teachers mainly from Zouping and Wuxi in Dingxian County. The department edited and published Huaxi Township Construction and Rural Agriculture News.

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, under the impact of the new democratic revolution, rural construction or rural education gradually declined and no longer became a social movement.