The school of value clarification put forward the theoretical hypothesis of value clarification: people are in a society full of conflicting values, which profoundly affect people's physical and mental development, but there is no set of recognized moral principles or values in the real society. According to this hypothesis, the value clarification school believes that teachers can not directly teach students values, but can only help students form a value system that suits them through analysis and evaluation. Therefore, as Kirschen Baum of the Institute of Value Clarification said, value clarification can be defined as the process of teaching students to evaluate by using problems and activities, and helping them skillfully apply the evaluation process to valuable areas in their lives.
trait
It is argued that values education is not a lecture or indoctrination from theory to theory, nor a conceptual system for students to recite, but as close as possible to students' lives and not perceived by students as much as possible. This school is mainly devoted to the practice of school values education. Various practical strategies and specific operation methods are put forward to provide reference for teachers.
In the process of operation, the methodology of value clarification emphasizes four key factors: first, we should pay attention to life and mainly solve problems in life; The second is to accept the reality, that is, to accept others as they are, without having to evaluate their words and deeds; Third, we need to think further, introspect and make a variety of choices; Fourth, cultivate the ability of self-guidance ideologically.
In addition to these four factors, we should follow three stages and seven steps (that is, free choice, choosing from various possibilities, carefully choosing the result, cherishing and cherishing our choice, confirming our choice, acting according to the choice and acting repeatedly).
When this mode of operation was criticized as overemphasizing the individuality of the formation of values and ignoring the social and cultural functions, the value clarification party supplemented the above procedures, added the link of thinking and communication, and considered the constraints of social factors in the selection. Nevertheless, the new operating procedures have not fundamentally changed the subjectivity and individuality of the formation of values.
The methodology of value clarification combines with practice and designs specific methods of value clarification. In addition to the four strategies of speaking, writing, discussing and predicting the consequences, there are other strategies of 19. For example, the writing strategy of the value table is designed for those questions that are not suitable for discussion and are convenient for people to answer freely in writing. The educated fill in the questions in the form, write their own opinions, and then evaluate them according to seven steps. This will help the educated to choose and establish their own values.
The method of value clarification has spread rapidly and been widely used in western countries, which has had a great impact on modern moral education in the west. The reason for this is that this method attaches importance to real life, which is not based on a philosophical theory from the beginning like other moral education schools, but is put forward in view of the confusion of western moral education. It is operable and effective, so it is welcomed by people. However, the limitations and mistakes of this methodology are obvious: First, the relativism values are taken as the basis of the method system, individual experience is taken as the standard to determine values to measure and judge one's social behavior, and the objective value standard of society is denied, which will inevitably lead to members of society going their own way. Second, ignoring the specific content and requirements of moral education and the cultivation and training of moral behavior will easily lead to formalism.
process
Value clarification method is the formation process of personal value belief. Rice company; Simon emphasized that the formation of value must go through three stages and seven steps:
Selection stage (selection)
free choice
Personal values must go through the process of free choice before they can take root. Without coercion, decisions or choices made by individuals can guide individual behavior, and spoon-feeding is mostly limited to superficial behavior. Only the values generated by free choice can guide individual behavior.
Choose from various options.
True values are the result of choice. If the individual has no choice, in fact, the chosen behavior can't happen and the real values can't develop. Therefore, it is meaningful to establish personal value by choosing from various possible options.
Choose after careful consideration
Under the emotional impulse, or without thinking, we can't dominate the real value. Only after careful consideration, analysis and comparison of advantages and disadvantages can individuals make rational decisions on the consequences of various ways, can they become real values and become a guide to life.
Award winning stage
Pay attention to your choice.
Individuals generally cherish and value what they think is valuable. When values are cherished after individual choice, they must be proud and happy. And become a part of value, as a yardstick of life.
Willing to publicly express their choices.
After careful consideration, people are often willing to express their value in front of the public, admit their value and support their value. They are proud of this and naturally want to be open.
Action stage (performance)
take action
Values can influence the direction of action. When an individual thinks something is valuable, he will try his best to practice and complete it, and put it into action persistently.
Repeat practice
When some individuals' beliefs, opinions and attitudes reach the value stage, they will become a part of the value system, which will be reflected in behavior again and again and appear in different lives and spaces.