Leipzig's study played a decisive role in Nietzsche's ideological growth and personal life. At this time, he read The World is Will and Representation and appreciated Schopenhauer's pessimistic philosophy. In June 65438 +086865438 +065438+10, Nietzsche met Wagner and admired Wagner's artistic genius. 1In the spring of 869, Nietzsche applied to teach in university of basel. His inaugural speeches at the university were Homer and Classical Linguistics.
From 1869 to 1878, Nietzsche was a professor of classical Chinese in university of basel, except for volunteering at the front line for several months during the Franco-Prussian War. 1876 to 1877 was on leave due to illness. During the period of 10, he tried many times not to teach China's classical literature, and tried to get a chair of philosophy, but all failed. At the beginning of 1872, Nietzsche's first important work, The Birth of Tragedy, was published, which discussed that Greek art originated from Dionysian spirit and Apollo spirit, the former manifested in music, and the latter in sculpture, narrative poetry and so on. The book talks about how ancient Greek tragedies originated from music and declined, and predicts that the artistic spirit of ancient Greece will be reborn in Wagner's operas.
Starting from 1873, Nietzsche wrote four "outdated viewpoints". 1 The article "David Strauss, Confessor and Writer" was published in1August 873. By criticizing Strauss, the author confronted the prevailing historical determinism at that time. The second article, On the Advantages and Disadvantages of History to Life, was published in February 1874. In the same year, the third article Schopenhauer the Educator was published in June 5438+10. He believes that philosophers should despise their own reputation, explore the meaning of life, strive for truth and become educators of the world. 1876 In July, Richard Wagner of Bayreuther published his fourth article.
From 1876, Nietzsche's health was poor and his eye diseases became more and more serious. In the same year, he quit his teaching task and recuperated in Switzerland and Italy, but his writing didn't stop. 1878 in may, to commemorate the 0/00th anniversary of Voltaire's death/kloc-0, he published "Human-Too Human, A Book for Free Thinkers". 1March 879 Miscellaneous Motto,1end of October 165438 The Wanderer and His Shadow were published one after another and merged into the second volume of Human Nature-Too Human. This book has new stylistic features, adopting aphorisms and narrating in the form of potential dialogues, similar to Plato's dialogues. The interlocutor is Wagner, Schopenhauer or his own shadow, and the rover himself is Nietzsche himself. 188 1 In August, 1882, The Dawn Thinking of Moral Prejudice and Happy Science attacked traditional morality.
1883, Nietzsche devoted himself to writing his main work, What Latouche Tra said, which was published in 1884+0. Cha Latuche Tera was the founder of Zoroastrianism in ancient Persia. Tony uses the mouth of the founder to express his philosophical thoughts, two of which are "Superman" and "Everything will be restored forever". Nietzsche predicted in his book that because the world is getting worse and worse and people are deformed, a new person will inevitably appear, that is, "Superman". He declared that "God is dead" and attacked the "slave morality" advocated by Christianity with the slogan of "reassessing all values".
In July, 1886, On the other side of good and evil was published, which involved various problems in Nietzsche's later works. Nietzsche did not recognize the existing standards for measuring good and evil, which were formulated by powerful rulers in order to force the poor. He believes that there should be new standards, so there will be new values, and the original values should be reassessed.
The Moral Genealogy published by Nietzsche in June 1887+065438+ 10/0 is a supplement and sequel to The Other Side of Good and Evil. The work reveals the root of moral prejudice, and holds that demons such as hatred, revenge and cruelty lurk in the depths of human nature. Once there is a force to let these demons go, they will not be controlled by good and evil. In fact, it reveals the "inhuman" nature of people in capitalist society.
1888 is the last year of Nietzsche's conscious life and creation. He worked tirelessly and completed the following works at an alarming rate: The Destruction of Idol (printed on September 7), The Truth of Wagner (published on September 16), Anti-Christian (finished the manuscript on September 30) and autobiography Look at this man (1 1). There is also the unfinished draft "Reaching the Will to Power", with the subtitle "Revaluing All Values". Nietzsche also left many notes, which contained rich unwritten thoughts. 1960, Karl schleich arranged these manuscripts in chronological order and published a book called1980s Manuscripts.
1889 65438+1On October 7th, Nietzsche fell on the streets of Turin, a city in northern Italy, and became insane from then on. The last 1 1 year of his life was spent under the care of his mother and sister, and he died in Weimar on August 25th 1900.
Nietzsche is both a philosopher and a poet. He wrote many metrical and free poems in his life, some of which were beautiful and poetic, such as Venice and Sunset by 1888. That's what Cha Latouche Tra said. It is not only a philosophical work, but also a prose poem. This book is full of meanings and metaphors, and has the style of the Bible. Nietzsche's argumentative articles and a large number of aphorisms are profound in thought, sharp in writing and unique. He is recognized as one of the best stylists in Germany.
Nietzsche is a controversial philosopher. In the past hundred years, there have been different opinions about him.
The era of Nietzsche's activities was after 1870 Franco-Prussian War. At this time, German capitalism developed rapidly, the German working class grew stronger and stronger, class contradictions became increasingly acute, social ills were exposed, and socialist ideas were widely spread. On the other hand, others are looking for a way out, and Nietzsche's philosophy came into being. His philosophy strongly criticized the evil, religious and moral hypocrisy of capitalist society. He opposes all old traditions and is an out-and-out idol destroyer. However, he opposed capitalism from the standpoint of spiritual nobility, emphasized genius and "superman" and despised the masses. Starting from individualism, he exposed capitalism and opposed socialism.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, Nietzsche's thoughts have had a wide influence in the world. It has played a positive role for intellectuals who are dissatisfied with reality and seek a new way out, and the Nazi reactionary forces also take this as a standard.
In literature, many German writers in the early 20th century, and even writers from other European countries, such as "Georg" writers, thomas mann, Hesse, French writer Gide, malraux and so on, were influenced by Nietzsche's thoughts to varying degrees. Nietzsche's thoughts are not only influential in literature, but also in the research of psychology, anthropology, linguistics and other disciplines.
Nietzsche's thoughts spread to China during the May 4th Movement, prompting Lu Xun, Guo Moruo and others to challenge the old feudal tradition. But in the 1940s, some people used Nietzsche to spread fascist views.