The book Political Science is recognized as the cornerstone of western political science. Starting from political science, according to the historical order, the historical development of western political science can be roughly divided into four stages: (1) ancient western political science.
In the 5th century BC, there were hundreds of slave cities along the Mediterranean coast. The formation and development of these city-states broke the blood relationship between primitive clan and tribal society, disintegrated the patriarchal clan relationship between people, established the rights relationship and contract relationship earlier, promoted the formation and development of urban civilization, commercial civilization and marine civilization, and provided fertile soil and cradle for the emergence of western classical political theory. It is against this background that ancient Greek thinkers Plato and Aristotle wrote The Republic and Politics, which opened up a new field of political science research. Plato (427 ~ 347 BC) was an ancient Greek thinker. His main political thought is the description of "Republic", and his main works include three dialogues: Republic, Politician and Law. He believes that the "best" regime is a "state of justice", that is, an "ideal country". In this small city-state, there are three levels, namely, philosophy king, warrior and laborer. The king of philosophy is a respected philosopher who governs the country. Soldiers defend their country and laborers produce. This is Plato's ideal regime. However, if these three levels are chaotic, the model of ideal regime will be disrupted and replaced by military regime and oligarchy, which will lead to popular revolution and democracy. Plato's thought changed in the later period. He designed a "second-class" city-state: he replaced the philosopher regime that might lead to authoritarianism with a mixed regime; Replaced the public property and public wife system in the ideal country with the restoration of private property and family; Rank by wealth rather than talent. Aristotle (384 ~ 322 BC), an ancient Greek thinker, was a student of Plato, and his masterpiece was Politics. He investigated and analyzed more than 150 different forms of city-states, and studied the basic theory of the state from the perspective of ethics and interests, that is, the origin, nature, purpose and task of the state. This paper studies the principles of dividing national political systems and compares various political systems. It studies how to establish and manage a country, laying a foundation for the study of western political science. The specific contents are as follows: ① The formation of a country is a natural product, just like the combination of men and women. "In the early days, social groups at all levels naturally grew up. Since all city-states are the completion of this growth process, they should also be natural products, which is the end of the development of social groups. " "The end of a thing, or its extreme cause, is bound to be perfect, so now this completely self-sufficient city-state is a perfect social group." Therefore, in Aristotle's view, the state is a natural and perfect social group. He believes that ethics studies the goodness of individuals, politics studies the goodness of people, and the purpose of the state as a social group is to achieve the noblest and most extensive "good cause." He pointed out: "The goodness of politics is justice, and justice is based on public interests." "The polis takes justice as the principle, and justice is precisely the basis for establishing social order." (3) The distribution system of political power, that is, the regime, determines the similarities and differences of the city-states. Aristotle distinguished and studied various regimes, and thought that monarchy, aristocracy and republicanism can take care of public interests, the only difference is that the number of people who hold the highest sovereignty is different. Tyrants, oligarchs and civilian regimes will only benefit the rulers. (4) The republic is the best and easiest to realize, especially the republic with the middle class as the main body is the most stable. ⑤ The change of political power is based on people's different understanding of "justice" and "equality". Oligarch will think that the inequality of political power based on the amount of property is just, while civilians think that the equal distribution of political power based on individual freedom is just. ⑥ Private property and family are human nature and the nature of city-states, which cannot be abolished, but the polarization of wealth should be avoided. ⑦ The city-state practices the rule of law, and citizens take turns to govern.
In Aristotle's time, the slave city-state system in ancient Greece was facing a serious crisis. Therefore, Aristotle's task is to maintain and praise the city-state system as the best embodiment. At the same time,
He is also trying to find a regime that can save the slave city-state, thinking that the Republican regime with the middle class as the main body is the most stable, trying to resolve the two extreme contradictions and maintain the stability of the country. It can be seen that the ancient western political theory has some characteristics: ① it started with the study of national issues, because it took the polis as the research and analysis object; (2) It emphasizes that the highest purpose and value orientation of politics lies in concrete ethics, because it believes that politics is the goodness of the research group and the state of the country is a perfect social group; (3) maintaining the rule of slave owners and slave countries; (4) Plato and Aristotle have different research methods. Plato mainly used philosophical thinking to combine politics with philosophy, morality, education and family. In his view, politics is ethics. Aristotle mainly used the method of comparative analysis to compare more than 150 city-states, studied different types of governments, and began to separate politics from ethics, making the concept of political research systematic. Therefore, in methodology, the philosophical speculative research method represented by Plato and the empirical comparative research method represented by Aristotle have laid two major trends of western traditional political research methods. (B) Medieval Western political theory
There are two obvious characteristics in medieval Europe. One is feudalism, whose economic basis is that feudal lords possess the means of production; The other is religion, and the church is the biggest feudal Lord. Therefore, in the Middle Ages of Europe, the dominant thought was theology, and all sciences became the handmaiden of theology, and political science was no exception. The political theory of this period is theological political view, and its representative figures are Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Augustine (354-430) was a thinker and a representative of the godfather at the end of the Western Roman Empire. His main works are Confessions and City of God. His main political thought is the "two-state theory". Its contents are as follows: ① There are two countries in the world, namely the kingdom of God and the kingdom of custom. The kingdom of God is the kingdom of God, and the kingdom of custom is the kingdom of the world. (2) The kingdom of God is bright and eternal, composed of God's chosen people, represented by the church; The secular state is dark and short-lived, and it is made up of people abandoned by God. (3) In the final judgment, God will enjoy eternal happiness and the secular country will suffer eternal suffering.
Thomas Aquinas (1224 ~ 1274) was a theologian and scholastic philosopher in medieval Italy. His major works include The Complete Book of Theology and On Monarchical Politics. His political thoughts mainly include: ① national thoughts: He thinks that God is the origin and destination of all things, so faith is above everything else. Then, everything that exists is reasonable, including slavery and hierarchy, and it is providence. He said: "Everything that exists is arranged by God, and God wants to impose an order on everything." Therefore, in his view, the country is not only derived from human nature, but also the creation of God. (2) On the issue of political system: He believes that the best political system is monarchy, because it can promote social welfare, but the completion of this duty must rely on the rule of God, and God's agent on earth is the church, so the monarch must obey the Pope. Citizens have every right to kill tyrants with the support of the Pope. ③ Thinking about law: He thinks that the purpose of law is to arrange the public's happiness reasonably, which is rooted in human nature, but it is still the embodiment of God's will in essence. Therefore, he believes that the essence of law is the will to accept moderation. He divided the law into four categories: eternal law (God's law), natural law (God's law in person), human law (state law) and God's law (church law). He believed that eternal law was the source of all laws and represented God's rule over the universe, and other people's laws must obey God's laws.
In a word, the basic characteristics of medieval political theory are as follows: ① Advocating faith over reason, and taking religious teachings as the standard to judge right and wrong; (2) emphasizing the divine right of kingship, believing that religious rights are greater than kingship, adding a sacred aura to kingship; (3) Advocating God's creation of hierarchy, flaunting the rationality of feudal hierarchy on the pretext that God created everything; ④ In terms of research methods, early research mostly resorted to mysterious intuition, while in the later period, namely Aquinas period, rigorous philosophical thinking and abstract conceptual analysis methods were used to deduce the existence of God and demonstrate the political thoughts of the country, regime and law. (3) Modern western politics?
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/kloc-in the 0/4th century, European feudal society gave birth to a new type of production relations, namely capitalist production relations. With the development of this kind of relations of production, a new stratum-citizen stratum rises rapidly and grows continuously. The new mode of production exchange and new class interests have produced sharp opposition and serious conflict with feudal theocracy. The emerging bourgeoisie began to demand its own political power and express its views on political and ethnic issues. /kloc-the bourgeois renaissance movement in the 0/6th century represented the forerunner of the bourgeois ideological revolution. In this movement, modern bourgeois political theory stood out. With the development of capitalist production, the bourgeoisie has more understanding and requirements for politics and put forward many different political opinions. In the following, the development of modern political theory is divided into three stages in chronological order and explained separately.
1 and1the political theory of the Renaissance in the 6th century.
Machiavelli and Bodan are the main representatives of political thinkers in this period.
Machiavelli (1469 ~ 1527) is an Italian politician, political thinker and the founder of modern western politics. His main work is The Prince, some of which have been translated into Ruling. Its distinctive feature is to study social politics from human nature rather than from god. Methods Based on facts and experience, scholastic dogmatic reasoning was no longer adopted. Machiavelli's theory of state is based on his theory of evil human nature. In his view, since human nature is evil, we can only rely on the powerful monarchy to achieve social stability. The monarch's power is based on the army and the law. In order to achieve political goals, the monarch can do whatever it takes without any moral constraints. He even emphasized that a successful monarch mainly has the functions of a lion and a fox. Therefore, in Machiavelli's view, the duty of the state is to stop the endless struggle caused by human greed, and the ultimate goal is to establish order. Machiavelli believes that the ideal regime is a republic.
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