Paper web China/1/view-6998418.htm.
Keywords: utilitarian education, art education, values, quality education
The key word of this year's two sessions is "reform", and education reform is the top priority. Looking back on the development of education in the past ten years, I am deeply worried about the increasingly serious utilitarian trend. As an aspiring young man, I have benefited a lot from domestic education and fought for it, so I want to put forward some suggestions for domestic basic education reform for discussion based on my own feelings, feelings and thoughts.
First, the status quo
Only by strengthening education can the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation be possible. However, there are many shortcomings and misunderstandings in domestic education, especially in basic education, which is responsible for shaping and cultivating national teenagers. For a long time, domestic education has been centered on the college entrance examination, focusing on mastering knowledge and training to cope with the college entrance examination. For most people, it is still a lifelong test. Although at present, this is a relatively fair selection, it is also because of the defects of "emphasizing knowledge over practice", "emphasizing memory over thinking", "emphasizing inheritance over innovation" caused by the examination content, and the narrow growth path caused by excessive emphasis on examination results and excessive competitive psychology, which makes the whole educational thought and environment become eager for quick success and instant benefit. Many students try their best to squeeze into key and prestigious schools and enroll in various special classes; Parents rush around for the improvement of their children's grades and spend everything they have; Schools are an important promoter of educational utilitarianism, because schools with good grades can be invincible in grabbing students. In an environment where scores determine everything, personality education, psychological education, physical exercise and other quality education naturally become floating clouds. While shouldering great academic pressure, teenagers gradually lose their innocence, childlike interest and curiosity, their physical quality declines year by year, their spiritual world becomes more and more fragile, sensitive and weak-willed, lacking the ability to bear setbacks, adaptability, self-reliance and self-confidence, strong dependence, and even emotional depression and interpersonal obstacles to a certain extent.
Such teenagers are doomed to be unable to surpass themselves, to soar freely in the talent competition in the 2 1 century, and to shoulder the heavy responsibility of the country in the future. Therefore, the utilitarian reform of education is imminent, and comprehensively improving the quality of cross-century talents has become an urgent task facing domestic education.
Second, the harm and reasons
(A) the harm of educational utilitarianism
First of all, it destroys the law of human cultivation and the sustainable development of education. Three generations of gentlemen. Utilitarianism education only cares about the present and ignores the long-term; Just fame and fortune, not career. Utilitarian thoughts and behaviors such as teaching for making money and studying for exams are endangering the healthy development of education. For a long time, China has lacked masters in academic fields, and has not produced Nobel Prize winners. Education is the culprit. Narrow educational utilitarianism is one of the obstacles to the healthy development of education, which is manifested as: paying too much attention to results and diluting the process; Pay too much attention to the absorption of knowledge and ignore the formation of ability; Pay too much attention to academic development and ignore the shaping of sound personality; Pay too much attention to external forms and ignore internal construction. The quick success and instant benefit of schools and parents has contributed to the utility of education. In our education, kindergartens are often primary schools, and primary schools are junior high schools, even senior high schools. Senior high schools have already learned everything that graduate students should learn, which not only destroys children, but also violates the basic laws that education should follow.
Secondly, it directly stifles students' initiative in learning. Schools are constantly squeezing students' time for the sake of enrollment rate and leaders' achievements. As some experts have said, "China's children are not lost at the starting line, but exhausted at the starting line", and society and families pay too much attention to their children's achievements. In this case, the pressure on students is so great that many students gradually lose interest in learning, and even quite a few students have no interest in learning!
Third, children's comprehensive education is neglected. In addition to basic knowledge education, domestic education is more or less lacking in life education, life education, personality education and psychological education. Playing with sand, squeezing clay figurines and watching ants move are all very important for children and essential nutrients for a person's growth. Without these, childlike innocence, childlike interest and imagination, it is difficult to cultivate a sound personality. A few days ago, Zheng Qiang, deputy to the National People's Congress and president of Guizhou University, said in an interview: "I found that many science and engineering students have no feelings, even filial piety to their parents." In fact, this is not a case. A considerable number of arts and sciences students have interpersonal communication barriers, emotional apathy, and low anti-frustration ability, self-confidence, adaptability, endurance, control, willpower, thinking and creativity.
(ii) Reasons
For a long time, "carrying on the family line and honoring ancestors" has been the primary task of a family member. The only child is the sustenance and hope of many family spirits. Although they get more material comforts, they are not happier than their parents. They feel more pressure: academic pressure, employment pressure and success pressure. Nowadays, everyone closely links academic qualifications with future work, life, residence, income and reputation, and thinks that going to a famous university and finding a good job is king. The limited quality resources and the intensification of social competition make everyone desperately strive for it. From children to schools and parents, only caring about forms and results naturally makes education more and more utilitarian.
The goal of utilitarian education is to take utilitarianism as the main value orientation, emphasize the efficacy and interests of education, and take a value other than education as the standard of educational evaluation. This educational purpose deviates from the original meaning of education, and its most direct and serious consequence is the instrumentalization of learners, which makes them lose their pursuit of virtue, critical spirit and human spirit. The essence of education should be to respect every individual. All children should not be judged by a simple and rude standard, and children should not be processed and cultivated as products in factories. Yu, the founder of New Oriental, has said many times, "The purpose of education is to give students the freedom of mind and personality, not to brainwash and guide them. Therefore, the educational reform should shift from the single selection of senior talents to the improvement of the quality of the whole people. Admit differences, encourage differences, guide people out of the pursuit of material and entertainment, and learn to live poetically and emotionally.
Third, countermeasures.
(A) to change the utilitarian nature of education is inseparable from the purification of the social environment. At present, in our daily life, the meaning of life is often obscured or even lost. The lack of meaning in human life, technicalism, hedonism and nihilism have become the fundamental aspects that dominate people's lives. Therefore, first of all, the whole society should emancipate its mind and guide the establishment of a new outlook on happiness, life and social values. All men are created equal, and every legitimate labor deserves respect. Every industry or job is just a profession, and there is no distinction between high and low. This can start with rationalizing the structure of China's higher education as soon as possible: let vocational education occupy a considerable proportion, have its due position and be respected by society. We should consider the possibility of diversion after nine-year compulsory education: some students go directly to secondary vocational schools; Some students enter high school. After graduating from high school, it can be further diverted: some students enter higher vocational colleges; Some students go to college. Students who graduate from secondary vocational schools can find jobs, enter higher vocational schools or enter universities. It is possible for students to gradually embark on the path that suits them best according to their own interests. The state should encourage students to take a different road from the system and public opinion, and the 360 line is the best and respected. (2) Change the educational concept, establish the educational concept of inheriting Chinese civilization, absorb the western teaching experience, and gradually establish the educational concept of China in the new era.
The most direct manifestation of utilitarian education is that there are many college students, but we are short of talents; We have some talents, but we have no ideals and sense of responsibility; We have some capable people, but we don't know what to pursue. Knowledge education is the foundation of talents and the development of science and technology. However, knowledge alone is not enough. To be a competent talent, you must also have a strong body, a sound personality, a strong sense of professionalism and responsibility. One of the fundamental reasons for the serious imbalance of our talent structure is the ideological problem of the modern education system. Therefore, education reform should start with changing ideas:
1. Reading and being a man are inseparable and unified whole. The education of cultural knowledge is one aspect, but ideology and morality are the key points. Isn't the purpose of education to be promoted and rich? But to serve the society, benefit the whole life and be happy for the whole life. Make the traditional "imperial examination" education gradually transition to the correct track of quality education for all, advocate "teaching without distinction", emphasize intellectual education and moral education according to different people, strengthen physical education, beauty, labor and art education at the same time, start with interest and abandon the knowledge and skills route. Flexible and changeable teaching should be the characteristic of modern teaching, which can go out of the classroom and enter social life, entertaining and entertaining. Let the children be cheerful, know that there will be a bright future, and take home the first salary after graduation to honor their parents. Such a down-to-earth education is a successful education.
2. Education is inseparable from feelings. In the process of education, emotion must be used as a bridge and link between educators and educatees in order to produce educational effects. Education is inseparable from feelings, which can educate, impress and get good results. Therefore, for teachers, teachers' morality and style should be the first choice. A good education is not only convincing people with reason, but more importantly, moving people with emotion and controlling people with emotion. Nowadays, children and teenagers have less emotional connection between people, which is more distant and indifferent. Therefore, it is very important to cultivate students' healthy and rich emotional world. As the philosopher Jaspers once said, "Education is like a tree shaking another tree, a tree touching another cloud, and one soul awakening another soul".
3. Strengthen art education
Art education plays a unique role in the process of cultivating people. It is a kind of perceptual education, emotional education, non-utilitarian education, beautiful education, and also a kind of happy education and game education. The characteristic of art education is that it is not mandatory, but it arouses people's interest, touches people's feelings and makes people receive a pleasant education through art activities, which can help teenagers understand right and wrong, good and evil, beauty and ugliness, and take "goodness" as beauty and "virtue" as beauty. In this respect, it is irreplaceable by other education. Although education is divided into various categories, they all play a very important role in developing people's intelligence and ability. However, these kinds of professional education and technical education mainly cultivate people's professional knowledge and practical skills, but not necessarily promote people's perfection. As an indispensable part of education, art education not only trains people's bodies, but also trains people's minds. It also pays attention to the cultivation of people's minds, aiming at making people become independent, free and aesthetic people, and then become people with complete body and mind, and finally become real people and people.
The art education mentioned here is basic quality education, which pays attention to the educational requirements of the activity itself and the cultivation of aesthetic ability and artistic quality, while ignoring the results and achievements of the art competition. Rather than the so-called professional art education to select top talents, because professional art education is faced with a very small number of students with high attainments and high conditions, and it is cultivated in the way of panning for gold in the sand, rather than national quality education. The art education advocated in this paper is a model to improve students' artistic quality and promote the harmonious and all-round development of students' body and mind through art teaching and art activities.
In a word, the essence of education is to improve the quality of citizens and establish a nation's spiritual feelings. It is the education of soul, the establishment of culture, the promotion of realm, and a broad vision, which is related to the Chinese nation from generation to generation. Our education should be less impetuous, more calm, less vain, more real, less short-sighted and more long-term. Only in this way can we cultivate better and more comprehensive talents and make the Chinese nation stand forever among the nations of the world.