65438+The new education movement, which rose in European countries at the end of 2009 and the beginning of 2000, aims at transforming traditional school education to adapt to the changes of modern social life and the requirements of the new era. Beginning in Britain, and then expanding to Germany, France, Belgium and other countries, most of the teachers of the new education movement in Europe have rich practical teaching experience and great interest in the reform of school curriculum content and teaching methods. The new schools they run are all expensive boarding schools, located in the beautiful countryside on the outskirts of the city. The school building is in good condition, and there are no gymnasiums, libraries and laboratories. Schools reproduce physical education and improve students' health; Pay attention to students' interest in teaching; Ask students to do farm work; Pay attention to cultivating students' independent spirit; Adopt family management; Cultivate students' ability to organize social life independently. The whole system of the new school pays attention to the all-round development of students' personality.
Second, the American progressive education movement.
65438+A new education movement in the United States at the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century. It aims at opposing traditional school education and trying to reform the entire American education system. The American progressive education movement began with the Quincy School Experiment in Massachusetts, and then expanded to other states, and many progressive schools appeared. Most progressive schools in the United States are public schools, all of which emphasize the principle of freedom and take activities as the main teaching form. Small class size and large classroom area; Tan cheng is set according to the basic problems of human life; Advocate experiential learning and pay attention to the development of students' personal talents; Students are divided into management, and teachers only provide help and guidance.
Third, reformist education.
In 1930s, a school of educational thoughts split from pragmatism education and progressivism education in the west, which is famous for its pragmatism education branch. 1932, Kanz, an American progressive educator, delivered a speech entitled "Dare Schools Establish a New Social Order" at the National Congress of the Association for Progressive Education. Later, he and Lager formed a group called "Pioneer" and founded "Social Pioneer" magazine, which revised the theories of pragmatic education and progressive education. In 1950s, reformist education became an independent educational trend of thought, mainly represented by American educator Bremerd. Some of his works laid a theoretical foundation for reformist education. Reformist education emphasizes the "reform" of past educational theories in the "era of reform" in order to "transform society" through school education.
Four. Essentialism education
A school of educational thought in the west. Made in the late 1930s. From 65438 to 0938, American educator Baglai and others founded the essentialism to promote american council on education in Atlantic City, New Jersey, which was regarded as the symbol of the formation of essentialism education. Baglai, an early representative of essentialism education, published "An Essentialist's Program for Promoting American Education", which comprehensively expounded the viewpoint of essentialism education. 1939 helped to establish the American Association for the Advancement of Education. Since the mid-1950s, essentialism education has become the dominant educational thought in the United States, and the late representatives of essentialism education mainly include American educator conant, American historian Best and American military figure Rickover.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) eternal education
A school of educational thought in the west. It is named after promoting the eternal spirit of the universe, humanity and the basic principles of education. Originated in the United States in the 1930s, it is a school that advocates retro education accompanied by the movement against progressive education. The main representatives are hutchins and Edlow in the United States, Livingstone in Britain and Allen in France.
Immutable Verb New Thomas Education
A school of educational thought in the west. Based on Thomas and Aquinas' religious theology theory, religious education is regarded as the core and highest goal of education, and its main feature is to advocate religious education. It originated in Italy, France and other western European countries in the 1930s, and became popular in the United States after the Second World War. The main representative is that French idealist education is based on scholasticism, worships Christianity and thinks that education must be "the complete education of Christian education".
Seven, existentialism education
Western educational thoughts based on existentialism philosophy. In the 1950s. American educational philosopher Morris and others introduced existentialism into the field of education, and gradually formed a school of existential educational thought, which was widely popular in the United States, Federal Republic of Germany, Japan and other countries in the 1960s. It gradually declined after the 1970s. Existentialism education comes directly from existentialism philosophy and is a kind of survival education. The main representatives are Austrian Bubel, American Neil and German Jaspers.
Eight, the analysis of educational concept
A trend of thought in western educational philosophy. It originates from analytical philosophy and is the direct application of the principles and methods of analytical philosophy in the field of education. Because there were many opposing schools in the history of western education in the 1950s and 1960s, educational theory was in a state of chaos. Due to the separation of education and philosophy, many educators and teachers lack sufficient philosophical training, and their thoughts are not mobile and revolutionary, so analytical educational philosophy came into being.
Nine, western schools of educational thought. It developed from behavioral psychology (behaviorism for short). Behavioral psychology was popular in the early 20th century, and its main representative was American psychologist Watson. In 1930s, new behaviorism came into being, trying to reform behaviorism. The main representatives of new behaviorism education are American psychologists tolman, Hull, Skinner and Gagne.
X. Structuralist education
A school of educational thought in the west. Based on the cognitive psychology of Swiss psychologist Piaget. Piaget founded genetic epistemology on the basis of studying the process and structure of children's cognitive development, and believed that children's knowledge development is the change of internal structure, and every cognitive activity has a certain cognitive structure. Because children are different from adults in cognitive structure, all education and teaching should follow the law of children's cognitive development and the relationship with adults' mental development, and compile teaching materials accordingly for teaching.
Xi。 Constructivism learning theory
Constructivism became popular in Europe and America in 1980s, and quickly became one of the most influential educational thoughts in the world today. It mainly solves a problem that has been paid attention to in previous educational reforms, but has not been well solved, that is, "how should people know and treat knowledge". In this sense, constructivism is a kind of philosophical epistemology. Through the interpretation of the relationship between man and the world, people who explore the human learning mechanism are inspired to find powerful tools to reflect and criticize the field of education, so as to gain a new understanding of the relationship between man and knowledge.
Twelve, multiple intelligence theory
Traditional intelligence theory holds that intelligence is single, highly heritable and measurable, and a person's intelligence can be known by paper-and-pencil psychological test or brain wave detection. The influence of this intelligence theory on education is mainly reflected in the following aspects: (1) "unified education" in schools, that is, students are required to study the same courses as much as possible; (2) Exam-oriented learning uses frequent "regular" tests or exams to measure students' performance, and everything is taught for exams; (3) The school attaches importance to subjects such as Chinese, mathematics or logical reasoning; (4) Predict students' future success through the advantages of a subject.
Thirteen. Inclusive education
Inclusive education rose in the 1990s, and developed in the wave of international education democratization, especially under the vigorous propaganda and direct promotion of international organizations. From 65438 to 0994, UNESCO held the World Conference on Special Needs Education in Salamanca, Spain, and issued the Declaration of Salamanca. This congress emphasized that everyone has the basic right to education; Everyone has his unique characteristics, interests, abilities and learning needs; Schools should accommodate all children and meet their special educational needs.
14. Postmodernism is a philosophical and cultural trend of thought popular in western society in the second half of the 20th century. As a way of thinking and understanding the development trend of Putonghua in today's society, it is attracting people's attention day by day in the West, and has a wide influence in various fields, including art, literature, mathematics, philosophy, political theory, science and theology.