(A) the definition of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan
The old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan refer to the nine revolutionary base areas and guerrilla zones created by China during the Agrarian Revolutionary War.
(1) guerrilla revolutionary base in eastern Sichuan. This is 1929. In April, Wang Weizhou and others led 1000 peasant self-defense forces to launch the Gujunba uprising in Wanyuan County, creating the revolutionary base of "the first guerrilla of Sichuan Red Army".
② Pengxi Revolutionary Base. 1June, 929, Kuang Jixun and others launched Pengxi Uprising, announced the establishment of the first regular Red Army of Workers and Peasants in China-"First Route Army of Sichuan Red Army of Workers and Peasants", and established the first county-level Soviet regime in Pengxi County, mainly distributed in Pengxi County and Daying County.
(3) Hu (city) South (Yue) Da (tree) guerrilla revolutionary base. It was founded by Wang Weizhou in the summer of 1932 and distributed in Daxian County and the neighboring Liangshan (now Liangping).
④ Sichuan-Shaanxi revolutionary base area. At the end of 1932, after the Red Fourth Army led by Xu and others moved to the Sichuan-Shaanxi border, it set up a revolutionary base area in the west from Daba Mountain to Jialing River, northwest to Guangyuan County to Ningqiang (now Ningqiang) County, south to Peng 'an and Yingshan, and east to Chengkou.
(5) Ancient (Linxu) and (forever) guerrilla revolutionary base areas. This is the guerrilla zone created by Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Zhu De leading the Central Red Army into Gu Lin and Xuyong areas in southern Sichuan during the famous Chishui Campaign in 1935 and 65438+ 10.
⑥ Guang (former) Mian (Yang) revolutionary base area. This is the revolutionary base area established by the Red Fourth Front Army in the west of Jialing River, the upper reaches of Fujiang River and now Guangyuan and Mianyang after it withdrew from the Sichuan-Shaanxi revolutionary base area at the end of April 1935 for the Long March.
⑦ Revolutionary base area in northwest Sichuan. At the end of April 1935, the Red Fourth Front Army marched westward into the upper reaches of the Minjiang River and established a revolutionary base in He Miaomiao (Gonggong and Xiaojin) village in Songpan (now Lixian) in northwest Sichuan, which is now Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and its nearby areas. In this revolutionary base area, the first minority revolutionary regime "Glaude Shah Republic and its Central Revolutionary Government" (hereinafter referred to as "Fanren Revolutionary Government") was established in the revolutionary history of China.
Today's Chuankang Revolutionary Base. This is the revolutionary base established by the Red Fourth Front Army in June of 5438+0935+00 in the south of Jin Jia Mountain, east of Erlang Mountain, west of Sichuan Plain and north of Daxiangling in Qingyi River Basin.
Pet-name ruby Kangba revolutionary base. 1March, 936, the Red Fourth Front Army moved to the northern part of today's Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, starting from Maogong (now Xiaojin) and Danba in the east, reaching Ganzi and Zhanhua (now Xinlong) in the west, Yajiang and Yuning (now Ganning) in the south, and establishing revolutionary base areas in the grassland in the north.
(B) the historical contribution of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan
The old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan occupy an important position in the revolutionary history of China, and the people in the old revolutionary base areas have made great sacrifices and contributions to the victory of the China revolution. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
First, the revolutionary struggle of the people in the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan dealt a heavy blow to the Kuomintang reactionaries and gave a strong impetus to the development of the revolutionary movement in Sichuan and even the whole country. The arduous agrarian revolutionary war waged by the soldiers and civilians in the old liberated areas attracted hundreds of thousands of enemy troops, among which only the soldiers and civilians in Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area wiped out nearly10.5 million people in more than two years, and all warlords in Sichuan were hit hard or even wiped out, which effectively supported the revolutionary struggle of the people in other Soviet areas.
Second, the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan have played a role as a link in the development of the Soviet revolutionary movement connecting the north and south of China, as a bridge in the shift of the revolutionary focus of China from southeast to northwest, and as a transit base in the strategic shift of the main force of the Red Army from south to north. In the early stage of the Agrarian Revolutionary War, most of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants and revolutionary base areas were in the south of the Yangtze River basin. With the change and development of China's political and revolutionary situation, the focus of China's revolution began to shift from the south to the north. The most remarkable sign of this change is that the three main forces of the CPC Central Committee and the Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi after the Long March. In this strategic shift of the CPC Central Committee, the three main forces, the Red Army, passed through Sichuan successively. Without the role of bridge and transit base in Sichuan old revolutionary base, this strategic shift will be difficult to realize.
Third, the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan spread revolutionary truth and ideas to the southwest and northwest, and planted revolutionary kindling in these places. The old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan were basically established in remote mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas around the basin where social economy and culture were relatively backward at that time. This broke the blockade of the Kuomintang reactionaries on the revolutionary truth in these places and spread the idea of * * * to these areas.
Fourth, the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan have made the people of all ethnic groups undergo the baptism of revolution, cultivated the glorious tradition and fine style of work of the party and the army, and trained a large number of pillars for the party and the country to govern the country. The fearless revolutionary heroism, firm communist belief and noble revolutionary integrity, honest and trustworthy, hard-working entrepreneurial spirit, solidarity and friendship for the people wholeheartedly, solidarity and friendship through thick and thin, and Qi Xin's Qi Xin's spirit of cooperation are our precious spiritual wealth. Among a large number of revolutionary elites who grew up in the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan, there are 86 cadres at or above the provincial level, and 9/kloc-0 Sichuan generals were awarded the rank of major general (including major general) before the Cultural Revolution.
Fifth, the people in the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan made great sacrifices and contributions to the China revolution. According to incomplete statistics, the number of people who joined the Red Army and guerrillas in the old Sichuan area reached 6.5438+200,000, of which more than 90,000 registered revolutionary martyrs died. The three main forces of the Red Army's Long March have been in Sichuan for 20 months. The people in the old liberated areas gave great support to the Red Army in terms of manpower and material resources under very difficult and arduous circumstances. This is an important guarantee for the Red Army to win the strategic shift of the Long March.
We can never forget the great sacrifices and contributions made by the people in the old revolutionary base areas of Sichuan for the revolution and construction of China from generation to generation.
(C) Sichuan revolutionary base areas in the western development of the status and role
The old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan occupy an important position in the western development. The development of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan is directly related to whether Sichuan can achieve leap-forward development, and then to the smooth implementation of the western development. This is because:
First, the area and population of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan account for a considerable proportion in Sichuan. By the end of 2000, the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan were distributed in 1 1 city and state, accounting for 52.38% of the administrative system of 2 1 city and state in the province, of which Guangyuan and Bazhong were old revolutionary base areas. There are 56 counties in the province with old districts, accounting for 30.94% of the county-level administrative units in the province 1, 8 1, of which 35 counties are all old districts, 10 counties are mostly old districts, and 1 counties are less old districts. There are 1345 old towns and villages in the province, accounting for 26.69% of the 5039 towns and villages in the province. The population of old Sichuan is 24.987 million, accounting for 29.39% of the total population of 85 million. Old Sichuan covers an area of1917,000 square kilometers, accounting for 38.53% of the province's 485,000 square kilometers.
Second, the social, economic and cultural development of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan is seriously lagging behind, and the rapid development of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan will certainly promote the smooth development of the western region. After the founding of New China, the Party and the government are very concerned about the construction of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan. The Sichuan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government have always regarded it as an important task to speed up the construction of the old liberated areas and help them change their poverty and backwardness. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, especially since the 1990s, support for the old revolutionary base areas has increased, and great changes have taken place in the old revolutionary base areas. However, due to historical reasons and natural conditions, the poverty problem in the old areas is still very prominent, the economic development is seriously lagging behind, and the social and cultural progress is extremely slow. If this situation does not change quickly, it will seriously affect the development of the western region. Although the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan are still poor areas at present, they are relatively rich in natural resources. It is of great significance to speed up the development and construction of the old revolutionary base areas, quickly change their backward appearance and give full play to their advantages in natural resources.
Third, the development of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan is an important factor for social stability. A large part of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan are in ethnic minority areas. The rapid development of social economy and culture in these areas is an important foundation and guarantee for consolidating national unity and developing a stable and United political situation.
Two, Sichuan old revolutionary base areas to speed up the development of difficulties and problems.
Since the reform and opening up, great changes have taken place in the poverty and backwardness of the old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan. However, due to various reasons, compared with developed areas, the gap in economic and social development in the old areas is still very large and continues to expand, and it is currently facing many difficulties and problems.
(1) The problem of poverty is prominent.
1, poverty is large. During the "August 7th" poverty alleviation period, there were 29 poverty-stricken counties in the old revolutionary base areas (including 4 poverty-stricken counties in China/KLOC-0), accounting for 46.03% of the 63 poverty-stricken counties in the province. According to the document [200 1] No.36 issued by Sichuan Provincial Party Committee, in the next 10 year, the whole province will support 1 10,000 poverty-stricken villages, of which 4,546 are poverty-stricken villages in revolutionary old districts and counties, accounting for 45.46% of the province's110,000, all of which have been included in the scope of poverty alleviation in the new stage.
There are many poor people. According to statistics, the total rural population in the old revolutionary base areas in 1999 was 21320,000, of which 1328 1000 had an annual per capita net income below 625 yuan, 280.64 million people below 800 yuan and 460.00 yuan below 1000 yuan. Among the 2.983 million rural population, the population with annual net income of 625 yuan and 800 yuan and 1000 yuan are 29.63 million, 60,450 and10/400,000 respectively, accounting for 9.94%, 20.27% and 34.06 million respectively.
3. Poverty is very deep. In 2000, there were 9,649 administrative villages with per capita net income below 1000 yuan in the old revolutionary base areas, accounting for 49.28% of the total19,579 villages in the province. Bazhong City and Guangyuan City 1 1 Old districts and counties still have 85,255 households with housing difficulties, accounting for 5.77% of the total number of farmers. Another 50.48 million people have difficulty drinking water. The survey index of rural poverty in the province is 4.45%, the poverty depth index is 3.2%, and the poverty intensity index is 0.02%. In the same period, the poverty survey index, depth index and intensity index of the old liberated areas were 6.23%, 4. 1.3% and 0.82% respectively, all exceeding the provincial level. It can be seen that the poverty level in the old areas is amazing.
4. The problem of returning to poverty is prominent. The standard of rural poor population in China is 1986, that is, the per capita net income in 200 yuan is 1985, and then the specific standard of each year is determined according to the change of price index, which is 625 yuan in 2000. This is just a very low standard to solve the problem of "not having enough to eat, not wearing clothes, and not being able to cover the wind and rain". Coupled with other factors, the problem of returning to poverty in poor areas has always been very prominent. According to the policy at that time, people who returned to poverty were not counted as poor people. According to preliminary statistics, during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, the annual rate of returning to poverty in poverty-stricken areas in China was around 30%, and the average annual rate of returning to poverty in 63 poverty-stricken counties in Sichuan was 29.37%. In the same period, the average poverty-stricken rate of 29 poverty-stricken counties in the old revolutionary base areas of Sichuan was above 365,438+0%, and some counties and years were higher. The poverty rate in xuyong county from 65438 to 0999 reached 42%; Due to the disasters in Ganzi Prefecture and Aba Prefecture, and the prohibition of natural forest logging, the poverty rate of 7 poor counties in/kloc-0 is around 80%.
(B) lagging economic development
1, poor production conditions and low income of farmers. The old revolutionary base areas in Sichuan are mostly located in mountainous and plateau areas, and farmers are mainly engaged in agricultural production, with poor agricultural production conditions. First of all, poor natural conditions, many natural disasters, frequent droughts and floods; Secondly, there are deep mountains, rocky mountains and river valleys in the old area, and the land is poor and sparsely populated; The third is that traditional agriculture is dominant and the agricultural science and technology content is low. In 2000, the per capita total power of agricultural machinery in the old countryside was 0.24 kW, the amount of chemical fertilizer (pure amount) was 320 1 kg, the amount of pesticide was 0.79 kg, the amount of agricultural plastic film was 1.09 kg, the coverage area of plastic film was 0. 1.6 mu, the rural electricity consumption was 6,957 kWh, and the effective irrigation area was 0. It is difficult for farmers to increase their income. 2. The comprehensive economic strength is weak and the local finance is difficult. The comprehensive economic strength of the old liberated areas is weak, with a per capita GDP of 3,255 yuan, accounting for 8 1.38% of the whole province, of which the per capita GDP of the secondary industry is1.076 yuan, accounting for only 67.26% of the whole province, and the per capita GDP of the tertiary industry is1.0/kloc-0%. The local finance in the old liberated areas is difficult, and the per capita total fiscal revenue is 1.63 95 yuan, of which the revenue in the local fiscal budget is 96 84 yuan, which is far lower than the standard of per capita 1.20 yuan in the key counties of national poverty alleviation and development work. The per capita fiscal expenditure is 243 yuan, which is 2.48 times of the per capita fiscal revenue of 97 84 yuan.
3. Backward infrastructure construction and poor environment for economic development. There are not many counties and townships with cement roads and asphalt roads in 56 old revolutionary base areas, and most of them are between county towns. According to statistics, at present, there are 2922 administrative villages without roads, 6536 without water, 498 without electricity and 10976 without telephones. Among the cities and states in the province, Bazhong City has the lowest number of telephones per 10,000 people in the province, with only 96 telephones, accounting for 36.5% of the province's 263 telephones per 10,000 people.
4. The industrial structure is unreasonable. The proportion of primary industry in the old revolutionary base areas is much higher than the average level of the whole province. The proportion of primary industry in Bazhong City is 52.86%, ranking first in the province. Within small-scale agriculture, the proportion between agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and by-products is also extremely unreasonable. In small-scale agriculture, planting accounts for the bulk, and grain is the main part of planting. In recent years, the old areas have made great efforts to adjust the industrial structure and achieved certain results. But now the adjustment is more difficult, and some counties are even in a state of inaction.
5. The commodity economy is underdeveloped and the market development degree is low. Because the old liberated areas have been in a remote, closed and backward state for a long time, they lack the historical impulse to develop commodity economy, coupled with the low level of economy and technology and poor natural environment conditions, the commodity economy in the old liberated areas is very underdeveloped and the market development degree is low. The ownership structure in the old areas is characterized by the public ownership economy as the main body, and the proportion of non-public ownership economies such as individual economy, private economy and foreign capital economy is low. On the one hand, due to inconvenient transportation and poor circulation, the lack of roads and cars in remote areas, especially in poverty-stricken areas, is still widespread in old areas except urban suburbs, along railways and through highways, and there are few commercial outlets. In many areas, production mainly relies on administrative channels or mass communication to provide information; On the other hand, most of the local people in the old areas live in poverty, and the economic form is mainly self-sufficient and semi-self-sufficient, with few exchangeable items, lacking a solid foundation for the development of commodity economy and a low degree of overall market development. This is mainly manifested in the weak and imperfect foundation of the market system. Commodity market is the basis of the market, which includes the market of means of production and the market of consumer goods. In the old areas, except for the consumer goods market, the labor market, capital market, technology market and information market are still in the initial stage.
Social progress is slow.
1, the concept is backward. Of the 56 revolutionary old counties in Sichuan, 7 counties such as Danba and Maoxian in Ganzi Prefecture 17 belong to ethnic minority areas, and most of the other 39 counties such as Gu Lin and Xuyong are located in remote mountainous areas. Social development is inherently deficient, and it is a common phenomenon that people are closed-minded and backward in ideas.
2. Educational technology is backward. There are many illiterate and semi-illiterate people in old districts and counties, and the incidence rate is generally around 20%, with the highest county reaching 30%. About 5% of the poor villages in the old areas still have no primary schools. Science and technology in the old areas are particularly backward, and traditional technology is dominant, so the technical content is low, the application rate of scientific and technological achievements is not high, and its self-improvement function is weak. Due to the backwardness of education and science and technology, the low quality of workers, the low productivity of agricultural labor and the low level of overall economic development.
3. Cultural and health undertakings are backward. Take medical and health care as an example, there are 12 major endemic diseases in the whole province, each of which exists in the old areas. Among them, the most serious Kaschin-Beck disease is in the old district. Today, there are still quite a few poor villages in the old district without medical health stations.
(D) Bad ecological environment
1, with complicated geology and landform and disastrous climate. Take the old revolutionary base areas of Sichuan and Shaanxi as an example: Dazhou, Bazhong, Nanchong and Guangyuan are all located in mountainous areas, with steep mountains, criss-crossing gullies, extremely changeable climate and very dangerous natural conditions. The general characteristics of Sichuan old revolutionary base areas are changeable climate, drought and little rain. From the winter of 2000 to the mid-August of 20001,the worst "four consecutive droughts" occurred in winter, spring, summer and summer since meteorological records were recorded (195 1).
2. The soil erosion is serious and the carrying capacity of cultivated land is fragile. The latest remote sensing survey by the Provincial Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation shows that the area of soil erosion in the whole province accounts for 45.92% of the total area, which is the most serious province in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. As far as the whole province is concerned, it is mainly the old areas and ethnic minority areas. At the same time, the old area has a large population, limited arable land and fragile carrying capacity.
3. The living environment is bad, and a large number of immigrants need to move. Due to the harsh natural conditions in the old areas, some farmers lack basic living conditions, and they need to relocate to help the poor in order to get rid of poverty. There are 28.87 million people in the province who need to relocate to help the poor,1654.38+046.7 million people, including 86,000 people in the old district and 31665.438+0.000 million people, accounting for 29.79% and 27.57% of the province respectively.