Teaching and research activity plan 1 I. Activity theme
How to Infiltrate Aesthetic Education in Physical Education Teaching: Drought Resistance
Second, the activity objectives
1, by observing the teaching window of this class, observing other people's classrooms and reflecting on their own teaching practice;
2. Explore how to implement the teaching objectives in the classroom and study how to realize the game-based teaching of sports;
3. Promote teachers' professional development through discussion and communication, and promote teachers to actively carry out self-reflection, peer assistance and professional guidance in teaching behavior.
Three. Participants:
Physical education teachers in primary schools in each counseling area of Dangui Town (1 full-time or part-time physical education teachers from central schools and small villages in each area participate in the activities)
Fourth, the form of activities:
Lecture+classroom demonstration+special training
Verb (abbreviation of verb) activity flow and specific arrangement;
(1) brewing stage: collective discussion by the physical education group of Dangui Primary School.
1, professional leading to promote theory;
2. Determine the speaker: Mr. Wang Xianbin. Taking "how to infiltrate aesthetic education into physical education" as the goal, the teaching content is determined: drought resistance.
(2) Implementation stage (on-site teaching and reflection on class evaluation)
1. Activity time: April 6, 20xx.
Report to the activity site at 9: 00 am, and give a special lecture and aerobics training at 9: 30- 12: 00; 12: 00- 12: 20 lecture; 13: 20 —— 14: 00; 14: 20 —— 15: 00 activity summary.
2. Location: Tangui Primary School
3. Activity flow:
(1) giving lectures in the multimedia classroom;
(2) Aerobics training in the playground (or multimedia classroom);
(3) Teacher Wang Xianbin gave a lecture.
Analysis on the activity design of intransitive verbs;
The target of the activity is mainly the teachers working in physical education class in this town. Since the curriculum reform has been carried out for many years, the teaching concept has been constantly changing. This teaching and research activity is in strict accordance with the requirements of curriculum reform, so as to be prepared before the activity; Full participation. There are goals in the activities, with students as the mainstay and teachers as the supplement, giving full play to students' imagination and guiding teaching.
Guide, make sure that every student can master the content of the lecture. After-class reflection, everyone can have their own teaching ideas and unique teaching design, and can affirm or point out the teacher's shortcomings in the classroom, which is the necessary way for the common progress of education and teaching.
Seven, matters needing attention:
1. Each PE teacher in class writes an experience material and submits it to the district central school for the record after the activity. Participating teachers should make relevant records as activity materials for continuing education registration. After the activity, the registration certificate of continuing education activities will be issued.
2. Except for illness and very special things, no leave is allowed, and attendance at activities and materials to be submitted are included in the performance appraisal.
3. Tan Gui Primary School should be prepared for logistics support.
Teaching and Research Activity Plan Part II Activity Name:
Raindrops in group activities
Activity objectives:
1. In the process of watching, speaking and guessing, feel the beautiful language and artistic conception of children's songs and learn to recite the children's song "Light Rain".
2, through the game, improve children's interest in reading activities, cultivate children's listening habits.
3. Stimulate children's interest in exploring the secrets of spring.
Highlights and difficulties of the activity:
1, cultivate children's listening habits in activities.
2. Guide children to express in complete language.
Design concept:
Recently, our class is carrying out the theme activity of "Spring". Through a stage of exploration, children have a preliminary understanding of spring and gradually like this beautiful season. The day before yesterday, there was a spring rain. I found that children were interested in the sounds and phenomena of spring rain, so I stopped my activities and let them listen to their feelings. Then, I designed and carefully prepared this activity, trying to let children further appreciate the loveliness of "Mao Mao Rain" and a series of changes of the earth after the spring rain, which is an effective method superior to other teaching methods.
Material and environmental creation:
1, multimedia courseware Raindrops
2. Recording of children's song "Raindrops"
3, the song "Spring Rain sasha vujacic" accompaniment recording.
4. I learned the song performance of Spring Rain in sasha vujacic.
Activity flow:
First, stimulate interest:
Children, what season is it? What's in spring? Children speak freely and express their experience and understanding of spring. )
Second, look at the big screen and let the children express themselves in their own language:
1, "Listen, who's here?" (Rain in Mao Mao)
2. "Where did the raindrops we saw the other day fall? Think about where the raindrops can fall. What will happen? " Children are free to speak and express their ideas.
3. Show the courseware fragments one by one, ask questions according to the content, and ask the children to tell them in complete language.
Third, fully appreciate and read children's songs.
1. Play the courseware and listen to the children's songs. (Listen quietly and carefully)
2, look at the big screen, children look and express. (in the language of nursery rhymes)
3. Listen to the tape and read children's songs with the teacher. (You can repeat it several times to see the child's performance)
Fourth, play games:
"I know that our children have known many words about babies. Today, the teacher invites you to a competition to see who has the greatest ability! "
The children were divided into yellow and green teams. When watching word baby play games, the team that speaks first gets a star, and the team that gets the most wins. (You can do it twice)
Verb (abbreviation for verb) expression and performance
"Let's make spring rain with music!"
The children sang the spring rain while listening to the tape.
The new semester has begun. In order to further deepen the classroom reform, implement the new curriculum concept, improve the classroom teaching ability and level of teachers in our teaching and research group, and promote the growth of teachers, our teaching and research group will, as always, carry out teaching and research activities on mathematics topics.
First, the background of teaching and research
At the beginning of school, when we were studying the new curriculum standard, we found that the general goal of solving problems in the "20xx version of the new curriculum standard" had a new exposition, "get some basic methods to analyze and solve problems, experience the diversity of problem-solving methods, and develop innovative consciousness." This revision has aroused our attention, reflecting on our teaching and solving problems as a whole is seriously inadequate. After the discussion of all the math teachers, we decided that the scope of thematic teaching and research is "problem solving". Then a seminar was held in the third grade, with the purpose of finding problems from the class and defining the theme. We find that students' poor ability to analyze problems leads to frequent mistakes in solving problems, and teachers are also confused in teaching in this respect. Therefore, through the joint discussion of all math teachers, the theme of "cultivating students' ability to analyze problems" was determined.
Second, the problems that need to be solved in teaching research
Teacher level: Instruct teachers to explore the teaching mode of cultivating students' ability to analyze problems according to standards.
Student level: cultivate students' ability to analyze problems
Third, the preliminary work
First, collect and learn relevant information, so that teachers can know the most scientific information in time, broaden their knowledge horizons, constantly update their education and teaching concepts and enrich their education and teaching theories.
Then, a seminar was held. During the discussion, it was found that because of the different age characteristics and learning ability of students in different grades, it is impossible to make a one-size-fits-all decision, and each grade determines the sub-topics under the big topic according to the actual situation of the grade. Lower grades: how to cultivate students' ability to analyze problems through teacher guidance; Middle school: cultivate students' ability to analyze problems independently; Senior grade: cultivate students' ability to analyze problems in various ways. Middle school plays a bridge and an excessive role.
After a series of listening, speaking and commenting activities in the seminar, the class was grinded in all grades, forming a classroom model for solving problems in the field of "number and algebra".
Fourth, deepen the discussion
This paper investigates teachers' puzzles in problem-solving teaching and students' problems in learning, takes the guiding spirit of mathematics curriculum standards as the navigation mark of mathematics teaching, and determines the theme and research direction of special teaching and research.
This semester, each teacher carefully prepares lessons according to the teaching content of the department at the same level, with the focus on how to cultivate students' ability to analyze problems. First, prepare lessons independently, and then prepare lessons collectively by the departments at the same level, forming a two-level lesson preparation, which is divided into low-level and high-level departments to attend classes and evaluate lessons. On the basis of absorbing many opinions and suggestions, each teacher combines classroom teaching and makes in-depth research to form a more mature classroom model.
Fifth, it is widely used.
Popularize and apply the more mature classroom model in the whole school, and further improve and expand it in application.
Seriously study, practice, summarize and communicate around research topics, gather collective wisdom and strength, and strive to make students' problem-solving ability develop rapidly. At the same time, strengthen the inspection and guidance of subject research and promote the professional growth of teachers through teaching and research activities.
In order to strengthen the teaching and research work in our school, on the basis of establishing and perfecting the teaching and research system, we will vigorously carry out teaching and research activities, and combine the key work and teaching work of this semester to make a teaching and research activity plan for the Chinese group this semester.
I. Guiding ideology
Guided by the spirit of curriculum reform, we should improve and strengthen the teaching and research work in schools, establish a position with teacher research as the main body and classroom as the main body, and take various problems faced in the new curriculum reform as the research object to promote the professional development and growth of each teacher and improve their professional level and classroom teaching ability.
Second, the teaching and research theme
Subject textbooks based on this grade
Third, the language group teaching and research activities in the form of
1, under the organization of the leaders of all grades, prepare lessons in groups according to grades, determine the teaching and research time, and organize teaching and research activities once a week. There are central spokespersons, collective discussions and records in teaching and research. On the basis of teaching materials, make concerted efforts.
2, 3 unification: unified schedule, unified study plan, unified lesson preparation. Unified study plan, division of labor and cooperation, optimized design, high efficiency, and study plan to prepare for exams outside the week.
3. Pay attention to the division of labor and cooperation, assign special personnel to be responsible for key chapters, and make sure that there are courseware, design and discussion.
4. Before teaching and research activities, the main and auxiliary teachers should combine the teaching practice, establish the theme and carefully prepare the lecture notes.
5. Collective lesson preparation: the main and standby teachers make a central speech, and then everyone will discuss together, find out the confusion, solve the problem, form collective wisdom, and the whole group will complete the lesson preparation task together.
6. Establish teachers to provide courses. All the teachers who attend the class interact with the teachers who offer this course and the members of the Chinese group to discuss the attendance and evaluation of this course together.
7. Teachers should write a complete teaching reflection. And according to the content of the discussion, take measures that are in line with the actual situation of students in their own classes and do a good job in each class.
Fourth, the activity time
The specific time is determined by the person in charge of Chinese teaching and research in each period.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) activity place
In my own preparation room.
Participants of intransitive verbs
Chinese teachers or all Chinese teachers or related leaders.
In order to enliven the teaching and research atmosphere, improve the efficiency of education and teaching, make full use of teachers' resources, stimulate teachers' enthusiasm for learning, research and reform, and promote the in-depth development of school-based teaching and research, combined with the relevant teaching and research arrangements for teachers' professional development in our school, the first-year class teacher is specially organized to carry out the teaching and research activities of Jasmine Fragrant-the Story Theme of My Students and Me.
I. Theme of the event
The purpose of this teaching and research activity is to let teachers present their wonderful stories in education and teaching to other teachers, and to highlight teachers' changes in traditional education and teaching methods. At the same time, teachers' talents can be displayed, teachers' wisdom can be shared, teachers' work can be understood, and teachers can get the greatest exchange and communication. At the same time, I also want to change the rigidity and seriousness of previous teaching and research activities, so that teachers can get valuable educational and teaching ideas in a relaxed and happy way and enlighten future education and teaching work.
Second, the activity object:
First-year class teacher
Third, the activity time:
20xx March 3 1
Four. Activity requirements:
1, the story must have been experienced by the teacher himself.
2. The telling time of the story is 3-5 minutes.
3. The story told must create a teaching case.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) activity arrangement:
Start-up stage of the activity: On March 19, 20xx, the head teacher of Grade One in Senior High School was held to arrange related matters so that the teachers can get ready.
Teaching and research activity plan 6 I. Guiding ideology:
"Chinese Curriculum Standard" points out that writing ability is a comprehensive embodiment of Chinese literacy. In writing teaching, we should pay attention to cultivating students' observation ability, thinking ability, expression ability and creativity. Ask students to tell the truth, tell the truth, encourage students to write imaginary things, and grasp the links of material selection, conception, conception, drafting and processing to guide students to learn to write in writing practice. Actively and reasonably use the advantages of information technology and network to enrich writing forms, stimulate writing interest, increase students' creative expression, and show opportunities for communication and mutual evaluation.
However, there is still a big gap between the current situation of Chinese students' exercises and the requirements of curriculum standards. Therefore, it is very important to improve and strengthen physical education in the cooperation zone. It is hoped that this theme activity of homework teaching and research can inspire Chinese teachers to think about how to stimulate students' interest in homework, how to make students learn specific writing in class, how to cultivate students' innovative thinking in homework teaching, how to make students express themselves individually, how to teach homework well, how to improve students' homework level and how to realize the common growth of teachers and students.
Second, the teaching and research content:
Exercise teaching.
Third, the theme of teaching and research:
Experience life and strengthen the guidance of individual expression.
Four. moving target
1. By listening to and evaluating the composition seminar, understand the methods of composition guidance, sum up experiences and lessons from the perspective of teaching and learning, formulate new concrete measures for your own gains and losses, and pave the way for future teaching.
2. By analyzing, summarizing and exchanging experiences, explore the ideas of composition teaching and improve teachers' own quality; At the same time, learn from each other's strengths to achieve effective composition and teaching and learning.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Activity time:
20xx65438+February 22nd.
Location of intransitive verbs:
Xingyang seventh primary school.
Seven. Activity arrangement:
Each central school in the first cooperation zone sent 2-3 representatives to participate in the teaching exchange activities of this exercise, led by the business principal, and signed in at the entrance of the conference room on the fourth floor of the teaching building before 8: 00 a.m. on February 23rd. 10 formally attended classes in the conference room on the fourth floor.
Program of teaching and research activities 7 I. Guiding ideology
Guided by the spirit of "Outline of Basic Education Curriculum Reform (Trial)" and "Opinions of Shandong Provincial Department of Education on Deepening Basic Education Curriculum Reform and Improving Education Quality in an All-round Way" (Lu Zi [20xx]No. 1No.), based on the "New Curriculum Standard Series" activities, taking the implementation of effective classroom teaching mode as the breakthrough point, focusing on improving the effectiveness of classroom teaching, taking demonstration classes as the guidance, and taking seminars as the focus. Take the acceptance class as the evaluation, lead teachers to focus on the classroom, strive to improve the level of classroom teaching, pay attention to teaching research, promote teachers' professional growth, promote curriculum reform to a deeper level, and further improve the quality of education and teaching.
Second, the participants
Sun Li Xuehai Hao Xu Zheng Xie Zheng Jiwei Chen Bo Cai Hua
Three. Activity arrangement
Schedule of common sense group training activities
(20xx February 17)
Four. Contents and requirements of activities
1. Make sure "grinding class day", make every Wednesday our group's "grinding class day", and take one hour after school in the afternoon as the grinding class discussion time.
2. Teachers are required to strive to achieve the "four ones" in the training activities, that is, listen carefully to each class, make a high-quality training speech, write a weighty training experience, and put forward a valuable teaching suggestion to the teaching teachers.
3. Teachers should talk less about "love stories" and "scene stories" and give more suggestions and opinions in the course of class evaluation. To achieve "three ones" is to affirm an advantage, point out a shortcoming and put forward an improvement suggestion.
4. Implement the operation mode of "class-seminar-lecture" to make class and seminar a continuous and timely feedback work chain.
5. Strengthen the attendance management of teachers' lectures and evaluation. The guidance office and the assessment office jointly check the attendance of teachers in attending classes and evaluating classes, and the results are included in the teacher's semester assessment results.
Teaching and research program 8 I. Guiding ideology
Guided by the basic spirit of the basic education curriculum reform outline and Chinese curriculum standards, we will continue to actively carry out the research activities of "promoting students' active participation in teaching activities", attach importance to the evaluation of subject teaching quality, improve the quality of Chinese teachers and comprehensively improve the quality of Chinese teaching.
Second, the specific work and requirements
1. Continue to organize all teachers in the Chinese language group to seriously study the Chinese curriculum standards, deeply understand its spirit, and attach importance to learning the new concept of Chinese teaching. Make full use of business study time, organize all Chinese teachers to learn new practices and new ideas about Chinese teaching in various educational publications, and combine the existing problems in our school to require focused organization of learning. Evaluate the teaching and learning of teachers and students according to the new curriculum standards.
2. Grasping the teaching rules, implementing the requirements of quality education in subject teaching, and grasping the teaching rules are the guarantee to improve the teaching quality, and also the guarantee to fully implement quality education. Grasping routines should focus on classroom teaching, students' study habits, the cultivation of students' ability and the formation of good character.
3. Do a good job in research and deepen teaching reform. At present, our school has achieved fruitful results in project research. However, if we want to by going up one flight of stairs, we should attach importance to the project management and research process, combine project research with training young teachers, and truly make project research an important link in deepening teaching reform.
4. Strengthen teacher training and form a high-quality teacher team. We set out to prepare for the following work:
(1) Hard training of internal skills: All teachers, especially young teachers, consciously press and strive to make every class into a top-quality research class.
(2) Chinese teachers should strengthen teaching theory and cultural accomplishment.
(3) Encourage Chinese teachers to be diligent in writing. I hope teachers can often write teaching reflections, which is very beneficial to improve their teaching level.
5. Organize various language activities to make life full of Chinese.
Third, specific arrangements.
September:
1, make the activity plan of Chinese group, and all Chinese teachers make the subject plan;
2. Carefully write teaching cases and participate in case appraisal activities;
3. Teaching inspection. October:
1, project division and design
2. Organize a storytelling contest;
3. Monthly teaching inspection. 1 1 month:
1, learning articles about new teaching concepts;
2. Organize a writing contest;
3. Some teachers attended the seminar;
4. Mid-term teaching inspection. December:
1, some teachers attended the seminar;
2, organize handwritten newspaper appraisal activities;
3. Monthly teaching inspection.
January:
1, watch the teaching video;
2. Final teaching inspection;
3. The final teaching quality analysis.
Program of teaching and research activities 9 I. Guiding ideology
Around the implementation of curriculum reform, improve the quality of education and teaching, deepen educational research, pay close attention to teaching management, promote teaching through research, build a platform for teachers to show themselves, and finally realize resource sharing.
Second, the principle of activities
Improving the quality of education and teaching in an all-round way is the purpose and destination of teaching and research activities, which fully embodies the integrity, guidance, operability, development and encouragement.
Third, the form of activities.
1, combining individual and collective lesson preparation.
2, to carry out demonstration classes, quality classes, research classes and other teaching activities.
3. Special lectures for teachers.
4. Teaching discussion, experience summary, reflection on writing teaching cases, etc.
5. Specifically: once a week (special lectures, group lessons), twice a week (one class in the group, the last class, class evaluation).
Fourth, specific measures.
1. Strengthen theoretical study, deeply understand the spiritual essence of the new curriculum, and establish a view of curriculum, teaching and quality that is suitable for the new curriculum.
2. Establish a discipline lesson preparation team and implement a collective lesson preparation system based on individual teachers. Personal lesson preparation should be "six preparations": prepare the outline, teaching AIDS, students, teaching materials, teaching methods, learning methods, preparing lessons in advance, and teachers should have teaching plans in class.
3. With the teaching and research group as the unit, carry out teaching and research activities purposefully and in a planned way. Each activity should have a fixed time and theme, with records and materials such as process, number of people and specific content, and the guidance office should participate in the guidance and play a leading role.
4, teaching and research activities should be full participation, actively around the theme of the activity to express personal views and show themselves.
5 after the teaching and research activities, timely organize information and submit it to the township guidance office.
Teaching and research activity plan 10 I. guiding ideology
Under the guidance of xx Education Bureau's 20 1x opinion on deepening curriculum reform and the spirit of the conference on art and sports work in teachers' further education schools, school-based teaching and research is the first choice to promote the process of curriculum reform. In order to strengthen the implementation effect of non-examination subject courses and improve the management effect of "2+ 1" professional training courses; In order to promote the balanced development of teaching and scientific research in the region and enhance the complementary advantages of schools; In order to solve the problems faced by schools and teachers in curriculum construction, a platform for exchange and interaction between teaching and research should be built.
This semester's regional teaching and research work aims at innovating the content and methods of work, seeking truth and being pragmatic in the process of work, and creating a new situation in school education and teaching. Xx city regional teaching and research activities plan is formulated as follows:
Second, the activity objectives
Taking regional teaching and research as the main position and mobilizing the enthusiasm of all teachers for curriculum reform as the frontier.
It is suggested that the starting point is to build a teaching and research platform with full participation, cooperation and interaction, showing individuality, the principle is to explore the strategies of interest classroom teaching and the development of school characteristics, and the basic task is to solve the problems existing in interest classroom teaching, so as to finally optimize educational resources, improve the efficiency of teaching and research, promote inter-school exchanges and interaction, promote the common growth of teachers and students, promote the development of characteristic school-based curriculum, and gradually improve the characteristic school-based curriculum system.
Third, the theme of the event
Cultivate students' personality and highlight the characteristics of running a school
Four. Activity content
Taking interest classes as the carrier, according to the situation of teachers, students and special education in each school
Resources, implement school-based courses such as music, physical education and fine arts with characteristics, strengthen the cultivation of students' "2+ 1" personality, focus on exploring effective strategies for the implementation of research interest classes, and develop and implement school-based courses that highlight our school's characteristics.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) activity form
Watch the discussion class and discuss it in classes.
Prepare lessons by setting classes-the instructor first determines the topics to be discussed in class, and then prepares lessons collectively with relevant teachers in our school before class.
Discussion in class-teachers are required to listen carefully, take the initiative to discuss the classroom, solve the problems existing in teaching activities, and explore interesting strategies for classroom teaching and the development of school characteristics.
Duration of intransitive verb I-word
Late April (exact time to be determined)
Seven. Venue
Wuchang city time primary school
VIII. Organization of the Organizer
Team leader: Wang Guoqiu
Deputy Team Leaders: Hu,,, Li Zhichao.
Member: Yuan Jiang, Liu Xiaoxue and Li Zhichao.
Nine. Activity arrangement
1, organization and implementation arrangement of regional teaching and research activities (omitted)
2. Arrangement of regional teaching and research activities on that day
X. Requirements related to activities
1. Leaders and teachers attending classes in all schools should report to Times Primary School on time.
2. The teachers who participated in the activity took teaching examples as the research object, conducted classroom discussions, and then solved the problems in teaching in a targeted manner, and explored the strategies of interest-based classroom teaching and the development of school characteristics.
3. Leaders in charge of each school and teachers who are interested in classroom teaching need to participate.
Teaching and research activity plan 1 1 I. Activity objectives
According to the kindergarten teaching and research plan, this semester's teaching and research activities continue to focus on the needs of teachers in practical work. Starting with specific teaching methods and strategies, research activities are carried out to help teachers solve problems in practical work and improve their practical teaching ability and professional level.
Second, the activity requirements
All teachers are the main body of the activities, and each teacher is required to study and analyze the teaching materials carefully, actively prepare various teaching and research activities, and make relevant records and summaries.
Third, the way of activities.
Teaching and research activities adopt the form of teaching and research, preparing lessons, attending lectures and grinding more activities in one class. Teaching and scientific research can be integrated or implemented separately.
1, activity of preparation group
The combination of individual lesson preparation and collective lesson preparation. Personal lesson preparation should be fully prepared in advance. Experienced backbone teachers should write brief cases and young teachers should write detailed cases. Prepare lessons collectively twice a month, and insist on planning, discussion and innovation. The content of collective lesson preparation is mainly the confusion that teachers encounter in actual teaching.
2. Class activities
Continue to carry out counseling activities. Mentors and apprentices attend classes independently, not less than eight times per semester, and make relevant records. The master should set an example, and the apprentice should consult modestly, take the initiative and strive to improve his teaching ability.
3, a lesson more grinding activities
Teachers in the whole park independently choose the teaching content, and take individual lesson preparation, group discussion, trial lecture by borrowing class, collective discussion, second trial lecture, and final reflection and summary to carry out more grinding activities to prepare for the half-day open day. Teachers should prepare lessons in a down-to-earth and effective manner according to children's age characteristics and actual needs. Teachers who attend lectures and evaluate classes must listen carefully, evaluate classes according to the scoring standard of in-class teaching activities, speak actively in the discussion, make suggestions for teachers, find out shortcomings and improve teaching methods.
Fourth, the specific arrangement of activities.
February:
1, make the teaching work plan. (Read many times in a column)
March:
1. Mentors and apprentices listen to each other and evaluate classes.
2, collective lesson preparation, theoretical study twice each.
3. Carry out educational activities on the theme of "gratitude" and "learning from Lei Feng to do good deeds".
April:
1, carry out the teaching and research activities of "one lesson and more grinding".
2. Half-day open day activities.
3, collective lesson preparation, theoretical study twice each.
May:
1, carry out educational activities on the theme of "the most glorious work".
2. Celebrate the "June 1st" collective planning.
June:
1. Mentors and apprentices listen to each other and evaluate classes.
2, collective lesson preparation, theoretical study twice each.
3. Evaluation of sports activities in the whole park.
July:
1, assessment of teaching activities in the whole park.
2. Large class and large class graduation exhibition activities.
3. Comprehensive exhibition activities for small classes and middle classes.
4. Summary of teaching and research materials.