Tao Xingzhi's educational thoughts are very rich. Here, only his core theories are selected for introduction.
(A) the theory of life education
Life education theory is the core of Tao Xingzhi's educational thought, which includes three basic viewpoints: life is education, society is school and teaching is one.
1, life is education
Life is education is the core view of Tao Xingzhi's life education theory, which has three meanings:
(1) Education and human life go hand in hand. Tao Xingzhi believes that since the emergence of human society, there has been human life and human education. Education changes with the change of human life. Life is constantly advancing, and so is education. He believes that "life education is the original, independent and necessary education of life".
(2) Life and education are inseparable. Tao Xingzhi believes that "what kind of education you live, what kind of education you receive: you live a healthy life, you receive a healthy education;" If you live a scientific life, you will receive a scientific education; Live a life of labor and be educated by labor; If you live an artistic life, you will be educated in art; Living a life of social revolution means being educated by social revolution. " "Education without life is useless. It needs education in life, education in life and education in life. Education is for the needs of life, and education is inseparable from life. "
(3) Education is lifelong. Tao Xingzhi pointed out: "Life education is born with life. I was born with a bad reputation. I graduated when I entered the coffin. " Education and personal life are closely related, that is, one should never be too old to learn.
It should be noted that "education" mentioned by Tao Xingzhi refers not only to school education, but also to the general education of the whole social life, including school education. Life is education, not that life is equal to education, but that education and life are the same process, education can not be separated from life, and life can not be separated from education.
2. Society is the school.
Society is school is another important proposition of Tao Xingzhi's life education theory, which is accompanied by "life is education". Tao Xingzhi's basic viewpoint of "society is school" is that schools should be unified with society, so that society can become a big school and form a big education system including family education and social education. This kind of school takes the blue sky as the top and the earth as the bottom. We are all teachers, students and classmates. He said: "The whole life and education are unified in the whole society." "Life is everywhere, that is, education is everywhere; The whole society is a place to live, that is, a place to educate. Therefore, we can say,' society is school'. "
Here, Tao Xingzhi turned Dewey's "school is society" upside down and put forward "society is school", because under the idea of "school is society", students learn too little and are divorced from social life, just like catching a lively bird from the sky and keeping it in a cage, moving social life into the school has not expanded the space of the school. "Society is school" has greatly increased educational materials, educational methods, educational tools, educational environment and places, and students can acquire more useful knowledge. Because the places where they live are all places of education, they go out of school and go to the society, treating factories, villages, shops, temples and prisons as schools and classrooms. The aim of Tao Xingzhi's "society is school" is to expand the scope and content of education and let the children of working people receive education suitable for their lives.
Tao Xingzhi advocated "society is school", another purpose is to change the current situation that school education only serves the powerful class, so as to promote universal education for the public.
3. Teaching integration.
"Integration of teaching and doing" is the teaching theory of Tao Xingzhi's life education theory. In Tao Xingzhi's words, "integration of teaching and doing" is an explanation of life phenomenon, that is, an explanation of educational phenomenon. In life, doing things means learning for your own progress and teaching for your own influence. Teaching and doing are only three aspects of life, not three mutually exclusive processes. ""The teaching method is based on learning, and the learning method is based on doing. Learn to do things and teach to learn. Teaching without doing is not teaching; Learning without doing is not learning. Teaching and learning are centered on doing. It is the teacher who is doing the teaching and the students who are doing the school. "
Tao Xingzhi's "integration of teaching and doing" has the following meanings: teaching and doing are inseparable, and doing is the center of teaching and learning. Teaching and doing are closely related, but both are unified in doing. Doing is the center of teaching and learning. Teachers and scholars should give full play to their subjective initiative in practice. He took farming as an example. If he wants to farm in the field, he will study and teach in the field. Teachers teach while doing, and students learn while doing. He particularly emphasized the role of "doing" in the process of acquiring knowledge.
The idea of "integration of teaching and doing" emphasizes that practice is the way to acquire knowledge, which is helpful to cultivate the practical ability of the younger generation. However, we must also realize that Tao Xingzhi overemphasized the value of life education and regarded it as the only way to transform China education and China society. He confused "life" with "education", thus reducing the special role of school education.
Tao Xingzhi's life education theory is very consistent with the basic idea of our ongoing new curriculum reform and has reference significance for our new curriculum reform today.
The Method of Creating Education —— "Six Emancipations"
In the process of establishing the theory of life education, Tao Xingzhi put forward the idea of creative education. His viewpoint of "Six Emancipations" is of great significance for us to cultivate children's creativity.
1, liberating children's eyes
To liberate children's eyes is to remove the "colored glasses" from their eyes and let them see the facts clearly. It is necessary to get rid of the practice of feudal education that separates children from social real life, cultivate children's ability to observe and analyze nature and society, cultivate children's ability to find and solve problems, and cultivate children's temperament and will.
2. Emancipate children's brains
Emancipating children's brains means liberating children's brains from inherent superstitions, prejudices, misinterpretations and fantasies, and letting children think and analyze problems with their own brains.
3. Free children's hands
Free children's hands, give them opportunities to do it, let them do it by themselves, and develop their creativity through hands and brains. Therefore, it is necessary to break the old feudal education tradition that children are not allowed to start work and undermine their creativity.
4. Emancipate children's mouths
Emancipating children's mouths means letting them speak freely, allowing them to express their views freely and allowing them to doubt things. Doubt is the starting point of human invention. Only when children have the freedom to ask questions can they give full play to their creativity. 1924, Tao Xingzhi wrote in the poem "everything asks": "The starting point of inventing millions is to ask questions. Animals are worse than people, and they don't ask whether they are alive or not. Wise men ask smart questions, fools ask stupid questions. People are not sages, and they can make mistakes. "
5. Free up children's space
Liberating children's space is to provide children with a broad creative stage and lay the foundation for their creative activities. Therefore, we must oppose birdcage schools and textbooks that lead to children's nutritional deficiency, and let children "get in touch with flowers, trees, green mountains, green waters, the sun, the moon and stars in nature, as well as scholars, farmers, workers, businessmen and people in the big society, freely ask questions about the universe, be friends with all things, and learn from 360 lines at home and abroad". Only "Kong Wen with liberated children" can collect rich materials.
6. It's time to liberate children.
Generally, schools have a full schedule for children. Various exams make children have no time to contact nature and society. Causes the child to lose the opportunity to study and live, and forms a tendency of unintentional creation. When they are adults, they don't know how to give full play to their creativity, even though they sometimes ask questions. Therefore, "the creation of children's education must first strive for the liberation of time for children." The liberation of time can give children time to calmly digest and think about what they have learned, accept the valuable knowledge of nature and society, and actively create. "
(3) Teachers' morality thought
Mr. Tao Xingzhi not only set a model of noble teachers' morality with his lifelong educational practice, but also studied teachers' morality.
1, teachers should have a sincere heart of education.
First of all, teachers should be enterprising. Teachers should regard education as a major event and realize that education is a promising thing and a thing that will benefit the world forever. Therefore, teachers should love education and have the spirit of dedication to education. He once wrote a poem to express this spirit: "Life in heaven and earth has its own endowments. Come for a big event and do a big event. "
Secondly, teachers should have a happy spirit. Tao Xingzhi pointed out in the article "New Education": "We must see that education is a great cause and a great happiness. It doesn't matter whether you are a primary school teacher, a middle school teacher or a university teacher. " Although the education work is hard and the salary is low, it is a great pleasure to watch primary school students grow up every day, from ignorance to knowledge, like a seed sprouting leaves, blossoming and bearing fruit.
Third, teachers should have a strong sense of responsibility. No matter what kind of children they are, teachers should be equally responsible, just like their own children.
Teachers should love their students and the whole world.
"Love the world" is the motto pursued by Tao Xingzhi, and it is also the code of teachers' morality advocated by him. "Teacher's love" is the core of Tao Xingzhi's thought of teachers' morality. If you love students, you should treat them equally, regardless of family status, wealth and ugliness. You should not be partial, prejudiced or selfish.
To love students is to respect them. At this point, Tao Xingzhi set an example for us. In the practice of running a school, Tao Xingzhi attaches great importance to respecting students' opinions. For example, Xiaozhuang Normal School is closed, teachers can't return to school, and students automatically organize "children's autonomous schools". In this regard, Tao Xingzhi was very happy and wrote a poem to congratulate him: "It is really strange that with the school, older children automatically teach their children. Seventy-two lines are all Mr., and Mr. does not learn. " Students in autonomous schools think that the word "big" in this poem needs to be changed. Mr. Tao Xingzhi thought it was reasonable and immediately changed it to "children teach children automatically"
To love students is to be strict with them. He asked teachers not only to be responsible for students in class, but also to be strict with students in their spare time, so as not to make mistakes in their spare time. For students who have made mistakes, Tao Xingzhi advocates that love should be used to encourage them to correct their mistakes.
Tao Xingzhi stressed the need to love students sincerely, because "real education is an activity of mutual affinity." Only from the heart can we reach the deep heart. "
3, teachers should be friendly to colleagues, unity and cooperation.
"Help each other in the same boat" and "make concerted efforts" are the ethical norms of unity and cooperation repeatedly advocated by Tao Xingzhi. In the Outline of Creative Education Year Plan drawn up by 194 1, Tao Xingzhi clearly regards "treating each other in the spirit of mutual assistance and cooperation" as an important teacher's moral standard.
Tao Xingzhi resolutely opposes the "knowledge blockade" between teachers, and thinks it is the "most shameful behavior" that teachers can't give up their struggle and seek full cooperation. He sincerely hopes to create a realm of "sincere unity" and "Qi Xin cooperation" among teachers.
4. Teachers should set an example and be a teacher by example.
Setting an example and being a teacher is an important content of Tao Xingzhi's teacher's morality thought. Tao Xingzhi believes that the task of teachers is to "humanize people". Therefore, "teachers should set an example" and emphasize that "teaching by example is more important than teaching by words". He once said, "A thousand teachers teach people to seek truth, and ten thousand students learn to be human beings", and "real teachers can cultivate real talents". From the height of cultivating talents, Tao Xingzhi regards "teaching people to be human beings" as the fundamental task of education, takes shaping "real people" who can serve the public as the educational training goal, and takes "real teachers" as the example for teachers to learn.
How do teachers set an example and be a teacher? Tao Xingzhi gave his own views.
First of all, teachers should be strict with themselves. Teachers' "every move, every word and deed must be cultivated to the point of being a teacher", and teachers must first be able to do what students are required to do. For example, to cultivate students' creativity, teachers must first have creative spirit; In order to make students become moral people, teachers should have noble morality, always devote themselves to practice, be strict with themselves everywhere and set an example for students.
Secondly, teachers should have a democratic style and establish a democratic relationship between teachers and students. Teachers should set an example, they must carry forward the democratic style, form a democratic and equal relationship between teachers and students, and work together to achieve good results. Specifically, teachers should "study together, work together and cultivate together" with students. So you can cultivate it slowly. The teacher-student relationship of mutual affinity.
Tao Xingzhi's educational thought is extensive and profound, which needs our in-depth study and understanding.