1, disease introduction
Primary bronchogenic carcinoma is referred to as lung cancer for short. Tumor cells are derived from bronchial mucosa or glands, often accompanied by regional lymph nodes and blood metastasis. Early respiratory symptoms such as irritating dry cough and blood in sputum often appear. It is one of the most common malignant tumors.
2. Health education
Keep the environment quiet, take a comfortable posture and ensure adequate rest. Advocate a healthy lifestyle, advocate quitting smoking, and arrange rest and activities reasonably.
Give high protein, high calorie, high vitamin and digestible food.
Do a good job in psychological care of patients and their families, maintain a good mental state, and adopt distracting methods, such as listening to music and reading books, to reduce pain.
Monitor body weight, urine volume, albumin, hemoglobin, etc. Closely observe whether chemotherapy and radiotherapy have any side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, alopecia, oral ulcer, dry skin, etc. Urge patients to adhere to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and inform patients to follow up in time when symptoms such as dyspnea and pain are aggravated or not relieved.
Take the medicine according to the doctor's advice, and pay attention to observe the effect of the medicine after the application of painkillers, and whether there are any adverse drug reactions. Opioid drugs have side effects, such as constipation, nausea, vomiting, sedation and insanity. Patients should be instructed to eat more vegetables and fruits rich in cellulose or take senna granules to relieve and prevent constipation.
Outpatient follow-up. The high-risk group of lung cancer should have a physical examination in the near future, and the tumor should be found early and treated early.
(2) Pneumonia
1, disease introduction
Pneumonia refers to inflammation of lung parenchyma. The common causes are infection, poisonous gas, chemicals, drugs, radiation, inhalation of food vomit, allergies, rheumatic diseases and so on. Can lead to cold and fatigue. The main manifestations are sudden onset, sudden chills, fever, chest pain, cough and expectoration. Children, the elderly, the infirm, and those with decreased physical resistance are prone to this disease.
2. Health education
Pay attention to rest: when you have a high fever or symptoms of poisoning, you should definitely stay in bed. When you get better, you can do indoor activities appropriately and gradually increase the amount of activities.
Keep the indoor air fresh, often open the window for ventilation, and keep the indoor air circulating.
Pay attention to keep warm to avoid secondary infection caused by catching cold.
High fever and sweating, drink plenty of water to prevent collapse and heatstroke in summer.
Pay attention to nutrition and eat more foods rich in vitamin C and easy to digest.
Do not drink alcohol, and pay special attention not to smoke passively.
Visit once every 3-5 days in the acute phase and once every 1-2 weeks in the recovery phase. If you have persistent high fever, trance, cold limbs, cyanosis and other poisoning symptoms, you should go to the hospital immediately.
(3) Pulmonary heart disease
1, disease introduction
Pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale) is mainly pulmonary hypertension caused by bronchopulmonary tissue or pulmonary vascular lesions. Acute respiratory infection is often the cause of acute attack. The clinical manifestations are chronic cough, expectoration and shortness of breath during the compensatory period of pulmonary and cardiac functions, palpitation, dyspnea, fatigue and decreased labor endurance after exercise. The decompensated period of pulmonary heart function is mainly manifested as respiratory failure, with or without heart failure.
2. Health education
Dietary guidance: Cor Pulmonale is a chronic wasting disease. The protein and calorie consumption in patients are very high, which gradually reduces the patients' physique. Therefore, patients should be given foods with high protein, high cellulose, high calorie and easy digestion, and at the same time, they should eat more foods that tonify lung, spleen and kidney, such as almonds, walnuts, lotus seeds, soybean milk and poria cocos. When expectoration is thin, you should eat more warm foods, such as bone soup, pork lung soup, ribs soup, lean meat, chicken soup, liver soup, egg soup, bean products and so on. Pay attention to vitamin A and vitamin C supplementation and limit milk in moderation. Drinking more water helps to dilute sputum, keep trachea unobstructed and avoid irritating food; Avoid irritating foods such as supercooling and overheating, which can stimulate the tracheal mucosa and cause cough.
Oxygen therapy: Patients with cyanosis and dyspnea due to lack of oxygen should be given low-flow continuous oxygen inhalation immediately to guide family oxygen therapy.
Psychological nursing: Due to the repeated and critical illness, patients lack confidence, demand more care and sympathy, and increase their dependence. When communicating with patients, the language should be gentle, pay more attention and care in life, relieve their worries in time, and actively cooperate with treatment and nursing.
Living environment: Quit smoking and drinking, and avoid contact with harmful gases, such as coal and lampblack. Pay attention to indoor air circulation, often open windows for ventilation, keep the air fresh, and install exhaust fans or range hoods in the kitchen.
Self-care: actively prevent and treat diseases such as bronchus, lung and pulmonary vessels that cause this disease. Strengthen self-care and pay attention to cold and warmth. Usually, you should dry your bedding frequently, change clothes frequently, pay attention to personal hygiene, avoid excessive fatigue and ensure adequate sleep. Proper physical exercise, enhance the ability of disease resistance.
(iv) Chronic bronchitis
1, disease introduction
The weather turns cold, and late autumn and winter are the frequent seasons of chronic bronchitis, mostly in middle-aged and elderly people. Its main symptoms are cough, expectoration and asthma. Long-term can lead to pulmonary heart disease (cor pulmonale), and severe attack can lead to respiratory failure or right heart failure.
2. Health education
Pay attention to temperature changes to prevent colds. Don't go to public places during the flu season to avoid infection.
Absolutely quit smoking, mobilize relatives and colleagues to quit smoking and reduce smoke inhalation.
Always open the window for ventilation, keep the indoor air fresh, and avoid inhaling various irritating gases such as kerosene and lampblack.
Appropriate participation in outdoor activities, such as walking, doing breathing exercises (abdominal breathing and exhaling with contracted lips) and blowing balloons, is beneficial to health.
Live a regular life, keep cheerful and emotionally stable, and avoid excessive tension and fatigue.
Asthma patients should avoid contact with inducing factors, such as inhaling pollen, dust mites, eating fish, shrimp and seafood.
Strengthen nutrition and eat more high-protein foods that are easy to swallow and will not induce cough. Drink plenty of water to dilute mucus and secretions in the respiratory tract. Keep your mouth clean and rinse your mouth after expectoration or eating.
When you have difficulty breathing, you should continue to inhale low-concentration oxygen (1-2 liters/minute), whether in hospital or at home.
Instruct effective cough and expectoration skills. That is, take a comfortable lying position, take a deep breath for 5-6 times, then inhale deeply, then continue to cough gently, and at the same time suppress exhalation, so that when the sputum reaches the throat, cough up the sputum hard. Then do abdominal breathing to adjust. To avoid pulmonary hypertension, you should open your mouth and cough.
When there are symptoms of infection, bacterial sensitive antibiotics should be used according to the doctor's advice to control infection. In order to prevent infection to others, cough in the direction of no one, cough sputum on toilet paper, minimize the spread of droplets, and use sputum boxes when necessary.
(5) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1, disease introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a kind of lung disease characterized by limited airflow, which is not completely reversible and shows progressive development. COPD is a common and frequently-occurring disease in respiratory diseases, with high morbidity and mortality. 1992 A survey of 102230 adults in rural areas in north-central China showed that the prevalence of COPD accounted for 3_ _ _ among people over 5 years old.
2. Health education
Let patients know about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and identify the factors that make it worse. Quitting smoking is an important measure to prevent COPD; Avoid inhaling dust and irritating gases; Avoid contact with patients with respiratory infections, and try to avoid going to crowded public places during the epidemic of respiratory infectious diseases; Because according to climate change, increase or decrease clothes in time to avoid catching a cold.
We should treat diseases with a positive attitude and cultivate interests in life, such as listening to music and planting flowers and grass, so as to distract attention, reduce loneliness and relieve anxiety and nervous mental state.
Foods with high calorie, high protein and high vitamins should be given. Avoid drinking too much water before and during meals. Avoid lying flat after meals, which is good for digestion. Patients with abdominal distension should eat soft food and chew slowly. Avoid gas-producing foods, such as soda, beer, beans, potatoes and carrots; Avoid foods that can easily cause constipation, such as fried foods, dried fruits and nuts.
Make a personalized exercise plan, choose a fresh and quiet environment, and do physical exercise such as walking, jogging and qigong. Avoid outdoor activities in humid, windy and cold climates.
(6) bronchiectasis
1, disease introduction
Bronchiectasis refers to chronic abnormal bronchiectasis with a diameter greater than 2mm due to the destruction of muscle and elastic tissue in the tube wall. The clinical feature is chronic cough, a lot of pus and sputum and/or repeated hemoptysis.
2. Health education
Rest and environment: those with acute infection or serious illness should stay in bed, and those with hemoptysis should take a lateral position. Keep indoor air circulation, maintain proper temperature and humidity, and keep warm.
Diet: Provide a high-calorie, high-protein and vitamin-rich diet, avoid coughing caused by cold food, and eat less and more meals. People with massive hemoptysis should fast; A small amount of hemoptysis should be a small amount of warm and cold liquid food. Drink plenty of water and eat foods rich in cellulose to keep defecation smooth and avoid hemoptysis caused by the increase of negative pressure during defecation.
Life guidance: encourage patients to participate in physical exercise, establish good living habits, combine work and rest, and maintain cardiopulmonary function.
Prevention of respiratory infections: Actively prevent and treat respiratory infections such as whooping cough, measles, bronchopneumonia and tuberculosis; Timely treatment of chronic diseases of upper respiratory tract (such as tonsillitis and sinusitis); Avoid catching cold and prevent colds; Reduce the inhalation of irritating gases. Quitting smoking and avoiding the stimulation of smoke and dust will help to avoid the recurrence of the disease.
Clearing phlegm: instruct patients and their families to learn and master effective expectoration methods such as cough, chest patting, atomized inhalation and postural drainage, and stick to them for a long time to control the development of the disease.
(7) Bronchial asthma
1, disease introduction
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of airway, which involves a variety of cells and cellular components. It can cause recurrent wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness or cough, which often occurs at night and/or early morning and gets worse. Most patients can relieve themselves or after treatment.
2. Health education
Reasonable diet, give a light nutrition diet, drink more water and eat more fruits and vegetables. Avoid foods that induce asthma in patients, such as fish and shrimp.
Provide a quiet, comfortable environment with suitable temperature and humidity, and keep the indoor air clean and ventilated. Do not put flowers and plants indoors, do not use feather pillows and wool felt to avoid contact with suspicious allergens. A variety of green plants in the home environment. Avoid cold air, colds and upper respiratory tract infections.
When asthma attacks, give nasal catheter or mask oxygen according to the doctor's advice, the oxygen flow rate is 1 ~ 3L/ min, and the oxygen concentration is generally ≤40%. Pay attention to the humidification of respiratory tract when inhaling oxygen to avoid airway spasm caused by the stimulation of dry and cold airflow. Encourage patients to drink plenty of water, and those with sticky sputum can be inhaled regularly. Instruct effective cough, assist pat on the back, so as to facilitate the discharge of sputum and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed.
Encouraging language should be used for psychological counseling to encourage patients to participate in physical exercise and social activities when their condition permits.
Avoid aspirin: For some asthma patients, aspirin can have fatal consequences. If you have sinusitis, nasal polyps or asthma. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin should not be used. At the same time, it is not appropriate to take prednisone or dexamethasone hormone drugs for a long time, because it will lead to fractures, gastric ulcers and decreased resistance.
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