Helping the younger brother is strict and stern, and he likes to laugh and curse, but it is the light of chivalrous people. Before the aid, I returned the book on tiptoe and said, "I want you to smell people's mistakes, such as your parents' names: you can listen with your ears, but not with your mouth." Talking about people's length and judging right and wrong is also my greatest evil: I would rather die than hear about the trip of future generations. You Cao know how evil I am, so those who repeat it will tie a knot and apply the commandments of their parents so that you Cao will not forget it! "

"Luneberg high and honest, outspoken, modest and frugal, inexpensive. My love is the most important thing. I wish you Cao Xiaozhi. Du is a knight-errant, caring for others, enjoying others, and being clean and honest. A guest was sent to his father's funeral. He went to several counties. My love is the most important thing. I don't want you to be a grass. Efficiency is not high, especially for people who are eager for success. The so-called' carving mandarin fish is not good' is also true. Ji Liang is powerless, trapped in the frivolous world, and the so-called "painting a tiger does not make a dog" also. So far, Ji Liang doesn't know if the county will get off and gnash her teeth. States and counties think that I am often chilling, so I don't want my children to have a good future. "

translate

My brother's sons, Ma Yan and Ma Dun, like to talk about other people's affairs and make friends with chivalrous people. On the way to the trouble, I wrote to warn them: "I hope you have heard of other people's mistakes, just like hearing their parents' names: you can listen with your ears, but not with your mouth." "I like to talk about other people's strengths and weaknesses, and comment on court decrees at will. This is my deepest hatred. I would rather die than have my children and grandchildren behave like this. You know I hate this kind of behavior, so I emphasize it again and again. Just like my daughter's parents warned her again and again before she got married, I hope you remember. "

"Rembado is honest and upright, and there is nothing to blame for what he said. Modest and thrifty, treat people with dignity. I love him and respect him. I hope you can learn from him. Du is a hero and an upright man. He regards the sadness of others as his own sorrow, the happiness of others as his own happiness, and makes friends with everyone. Many people came when his father died. I love him and respect him, but I don't want you to learn from him. If you don't learn Lombok successfully, you can be a cautious and modest person. As the saying goes, "you can't carve a mandarin duck, but it's still like a mandarin duck." "And once learning Du is not successful, you will become a dude. As the saying goes, "you can't draw a tiger, but you are a dog of the same kind." "Up to now, Du didn't know that the county was going to take office, and people's grievances were great, and people's opinions were great. I often feel chilling for him, which is why I don't want future generations to learn from him. "

Brief introduction of the author

Ma Yuan (before 14-49), whose name was Yuan Wen, was a famous strategist and one of the founding heroes of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He is a native of Fufeng Maoling (now northeast of Xingping, Shaanxi). Zhao She, the ancestor of Zhao, was named Ma Fujun, and his descendants took Ma as their surname. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Majia family moved from Handan to Chenghua and Maoling. Zeng Zumatong took Feng Gong as a coincidence, and his brother Wendy Ma rebelled and was punished, and never showed up again. When my grandfather proclaimed himself emperor, he held a festival for Lang and made him a monarch. His father Ma Zhong, official to Xuanwu Sima. Ma Yuan four brothers, three elder brothers are talented, follwed and two thousand stones, and a family.

Ma Yuan's "rare ambition, strange brothers". When his parents died at the age of twelve, Ma Yuan went to Henan with his eldest brother Ma Kuang and studied Qi Shi in Man Cang, Yingchuan. Obey the rules, bid farewell to eldest brother, and want to go to the border county to engage in farming. Ma encouraged him and said, "You are a great genius, and you will succeed that night. Good workers don't show simplicity and do what they want. " When the eldest brother died, Ma Yuan was heartbroken and never left the cemetery. Later, the county governor sent the prisoners to Siming House, and let the prisoners who escaped the felony escape to Beidi County. In case of forgiveness, stay in the local area to graze and join the crowd. "There are hundreds of soldiers." When traveling between Longhan and Hanan, I often say to my guests, "My poor husband is determined to be strong, and my old man is determined to be strong." Due to farming, there are thousands of livestock and tens of thousands of liters of valleys here. Then he sighed: "If the tiller has his goods, he will have his production. If you can give them relief, otherwise you can keep your money. " Property, you can also give relief, otherwise leave money for Ruhr. "("The Biography of Were Ma Yuan ") was tired because of work, and he took a new breath.

In the last years of Xin Mang, the world was in chaos. Ma Yuan belonged to Xiao Wei, a warlord in Longyou, and won the trust of Xiao Wei. After surrendering to Emperor Guangwu, he made great contributions to Liu Xiu's unified war. After the unification of the world, although Ma Yuan is old, he still volunteered to make the Western Expedition, breaking the Qiang people in the west and crossing the toes in the south (most of the two regions and northern and central Vietnam). His spirit of "vigorous" and "buried in the grave" won the respect of future generations. In his elegy to Cai E, Dr. Sun Yat-sen wrote: "Throughout his life, he cared for the generous class, and Wan Li Guan Ma Fubo."

Appreciation: Bitter words, simple and complicated.

According to historical records, Ma Yuan was a native of Maoling in the Eastern Han Dynasty (now northeast of Xingping, Shaanxi). During the reign of Han Guang, he served as the prefect of Longxi and general Fu Bo, and sealed the new interest. There is no ambition. His brothers Ma Kuang and Ma Yu value him very much, and their brothers have deep feelings. A few years later, Ma became ill and heartbroken. After Ma died, he respected his wife all his life and never forgot to educate Ma Yu's two sons. In the 18th year of Jianwu (42 years), Emperor Guangwu sent Ma Yuan to Jiao Jiao. Even when he is busy with military affairs, he still takes time to write home and teach his two nephews a lesson.

Ma Yuan's nephews Ma Yan and Ma Dun usually like to criticize current politics and make friends with chivalrous men, which worries him. Although far away from Toe Army, I still wrote this sincere letter. This admonition book focuses on two aspects: first, it points out that the two nephews like to ridicule others and make friends with frivolous chivalrous men, which is a big problem in dealing with people and is also the thing he always hates. He reminded his daughters repeatedly with examples of their parents admonishing them when they got married. Second, give my nephew a positive and negative example of learning, a warning object. Both Long and Du love each other very much, but he is completely sure of Long's moral character, because he is honest, cautious, steady, modest, honest and diligent, and fully meets the human standard. Du Ze, on the other hand, split into two parts, pointing out that he can worry about others' worries, enjoy others' happiness and be chivalrous, but his careless friends, indifferent personality, too great reputation and bad influence, and even made a fuss about his father's funeral, which caused dissatisfaction from the court and counties, which did not conform to the long-term policy of literati to protect their families. Therefore, Ma Yuan clearly advised my nephews to be honest and cautious, and not to be flashy and frivolous. The purpose of Ma Yuan's exhortation to sons and nephews is to warn them to be cautious again, and the whole body will stay away from disaster. This is an idea of preserving our sanity and risking our lives. Although this thought was representative and universal in feudal times, its ideological value was not great. However, Ma Yuan's kind persuasion and education for his sons and nephews and his requirements for certain moral qualities still have positive significance. The article speaks earnestly, and the lines between the lines are full of deep concern and ardent expectations of the elders for the younger generation, so there are three reasons for this effect:

First, the repeated appearance of "Rucao" as sons and nephews in the text makes sons and nephews feel more cordial when reading, and can also receive the effect of seeking advice from thousands of miles away. The repeated appearance of the same title can certainly make the callee feel attached importance to himself, and more importantly, the title chosen by the author also conveys rich information. Ancient names and characters are parallel, and each has its own purpose. Generally, elders call their juniors by their first names, and use words when they are commensurate with their peers. If "er" and "ru" are commensurate, it is often impolite, but they can be used to express closeness in some occasions, such as the sentence "Love your son's language and blame each other" in Han Yu's Listening to the Skillful Teacher Playing the Piano. In the letter, the author does not call his sons and nephews as usual, but calls them "like grass", which is easy-going and friendly, and narrows the distance between the elders and the younger generation. The so-called younger generation can appreciate the sincere care of the elders.

Second, be serious, show your point of view, and communicate with the younger generation with your own life experience, not empty talk. For example, the first paragraph says, "I would rather die than listen to the trip of future generations. "Only talk about yourself, but with a clear attitude and strong feelings, you can naturally infect the younger generation. Why did you ban this and that by order? As for the sentence "Shi Yi Jie said", it is even more inspiring, earnest and moving. In the second paragraph, the author makes a comparative analysis of the gains and losses of contemporary sages, all based on his own experience of observing people in society. Its metaphor of "carving a stork is not a good kind of stork" and "painting a tiger is not a bad kind of dog" is powerful and thought-provoking, and it is an aphorism that has been recited throughout the ages. And the words "I hope you can be effective" and "I don't want you to be effective" are just expressions of hope, but the lines are full of sincere care, which is really many times better than the straight-faced tone of "you should be effective" and "you shouldn't be effective"!

Third, a large number of modal particles at the end of the sentence are used properly, which plays a role in simplifying the complex and expressing the meaning, and only one word has rich meaning; The outstanding effect of expressing feelings is that there is no victory, and feelings without affection are particularly real and meaningful. This article uses "Ye" to express my affirmation and expectation, with a firm attitude. It is meaningful to express your love and hate tendency with "yi" and "ear"; Use "this also" to express reservation or disapproval of the object of comment. Together, these are not only pronunciation, but also the heart of boxing and the feeling of speaking; Solemnity fills the chest and benefits a lot.