A

Abderus

Abu surtos

AKAMAS

Akanan Aka

Acastus Arcaz Toth

Achelous Kohloss

Akron

Achilles. Achilles.

Acis Akis

Acrisius Acre Teos

Akteon

Actress Aktor

Dai (brother)

Ademehta

Admetus Admetus

Adonis

Taiya daily

Adrastus Aderastos

Arcos aeacus

Aedon edon

Egyptian Yitai dog

aedes aegypti

Aijiale

Egimius Egimis

Egina Egina

Toth, Egistus Egers

Aegyptus Eptos

Ella Ella

Aeneas

bearing

Air elopement

Siberian frog

Esson

Ether ether

Erius trios

Etla Etla

Agamemnon

Agape Nuo er

Agave/century plant/maguey

Agraus/Agraus Agola Aos

Agenor Gunnold

Ajax Ajax (large)

Ajax Ajax (small)

Alcais us

Alcmene

Alsi tees, Alsi tees.

Alcides al Kidess

basic

Alcippe Alcippe

Alkmin Alkell Mohon

Alcyone Alkio

Alliet Aretes

Alexander, Alec, Sandrus.

Alexiro

Aloe Dai of Aloe Family

Aros, Aros

Alop

Alfei Nuo

hollyhock

Amalthea Amatya

Amazon woman

Amon Amon

Amphiaraus Ampilaos

Ampelox

amphibians

Amphinomus ampinomus

Anfion Amphine

Hai Hou xing hai Hou xing

Amphitryon Amphitryon

Amphoteric fish

Aimikus

Amitaon

An Kai aosi

Anchises anchorage

Male and female stamens

Andromache Andromaque

the andromeda strain

Antaeus Aeneas

Antalya

Antno

Anthich Leah

Antigone antigone (daughter of Oedipus)

Antigone antigone (daughter of Eurydice)

Antilochus Ann Teelock

Anti-Marcos

Antinous Antinos

Antiope Antiope

Inverse substance

Antifungal drugs

Apat. Apat.

Apache. Apache.

Afalus

Aphids

Aphrodite Aphrodite

Apollo Apollo

A Lacny A Lacny

Ale Pages

Ares. Ares.

Aristor

Arete arete

Alger ya

Algers Algers

Argo Agger

Argus Argos

Ptolemy, Al heptene Alkell

Alkirocos Alkirocos

Arshi Thales Alkki Thales

ariadne

Arion arion

Ariste Oath

Aristod Marcos

Aristos Deimos

Arceneaux alcino

Artemis

Ascaris orientalis

Ascani aosi

Asclepius Aesculapius

Assis assis

Asopus

Asara Kus asara Coase

Astakus

Astarta Astarta

Astro Paius

Astray aosi

Astranax

Ata/Ate ate

Atlanta Atlanta

Assamas

Athena Athena

Atlas atlas

Atreus Atreus

Atridas Atridas (brother)

Atropos Atropos

Augeas Ogas

Otto Likos

Otto Moton Motor Co.

Otono

Feilong is another masterpiece of Greek mythology after Poor Woman and Stupid Bird.

The author of Greek Myth is Susu Tiemu, who is the most powerful and cutting-edge lyricist in Chinese mainland. After completing the creation of the word "Poor Girl" (sung by Long Feifei), he once again showed his creative talent. On Christmas Eve, 2006, the lyrics of Greek mythology were composed by Xiao Zhiming, a signing artist of Xinghai, and arranged and produced by Xinghai Music Factory, which created a new force of mainland mythological songs. The fresh lyrics and forceful singing are called Chinese mainland's rare new works by Hong Kong composers, which has become an experiment of Hong Kong and Taiwan music blending mainland lyrics and songs in recent years. It also ignited a new starting point for mainland music in 2007.

Introduction to the song:

According to ancient Greek myths and legends, after the descendants of Hercules conquered the entire Peloponnesus through arduous battles, they built three altars for their ancestor Zeus and held sacrifices in front of them. Then they allocate cities by drawing lots. Those who catch the first batch can get Argos, the second batch can get La Kodmon, and the third batch can get Messier. Everyone agrees to throw their names into a jar full of water. Terminos and Aristos Deimos's twins, Oristhenes and Plocque Le, threw two marked stones into the water tank, but the cunning Creson Tess threw a clod into the water because she wanted it most, and the clod soon decomposed. First of all, the lottery decided the ownership of Argos, and the stone of Tai Menos was exposed immediately. Then decide the owner of Lackedemont, when the stones of Aristotle Deimos's two sons surfaced. Looking for the third stone, I can't find it; But there's no need to look for it. Of course, Messenge belongs to Crefontes.

When they and their followers went to the altar to offer sacrifices to God, they all got strange signs. Everyone found an animal on the altar where he sacrificed. The person who won the Argos in the lottery saw a toad; The person assigned to Lake demont found a snake; The man who got Merson was in front of a fox. Confused by these signs, they asked some local prophets. The prophet explained, "whoever gets the toad had better stay in the city, because the toad can't be protected when he goes out." Those who put snakes on the altar will become powerful attackers and can boldly cross the borders of their own country. The owner of the shrine with the fox should neither believe nor use violence. Their defensive weapon is to play tricks. " Later, these three animals became the badges on the shields of Argos, Sparta and Mercedes.

Ancient Greece and Rome are the source of European literature and the birthplace of European civilization. Engels said: "Without the foundation laid by Greek civilization and Roman Empire, there would be no modern Europe."

1. Social and historical development of ancient Greece

Ancient Greece was located in southern Europe, including the Greek Peninsula, Aegean Islands and ionian islands. It divides the Mediterranean into two sea areas, the Aegean Sea in the east and the Ionian Sea in the west. Geographical features are mountainous offshore and tortuous coastline. The geographical location of ancient Greece made it easy for people to get close to the ancient oriental civilization. It can cross the sea south to Egypt through Crete and east to Babylon through Asia Minor. These ancient oriental civilizations influenced the early historical development of Greece.

The earliest source of Greek society and civilization can be traced back to the Aegean civilization centered on Crete civilization and Mycenae civilization. Aegean civilization refers to the bronze age civilization distributed in Crete and its surrounding areas and Greece from the end of 3000 BC to 2000 BC. Crete is the birthplace of ancient Aegean civilization. In the description of poet hesiod, Crete is a rich island and the birthplace of Zeus, the king of gods. Homer sang in the poem: "In the deep purple sea, there is a place called Crete, surrounded by the sea, beautiful and rich." Modern archaeological excavations, represented by heinrich schliemann and Arthur Evans, have proved that as far back as 2000 BC, the earliest slave country in Europe appeared on Crete, and the Crete civilization represented by the Kingdom of Knossos was formed. Crete civilization not only left us many ancient art treasures, but also left us many beautiful fairy tales, which later became an important part of Greek mythology.

Crete civilization spread from Mycenae to the Greek mainland. Mycenae was the most powerful city-state in Greece in Homer's time, located in the Peloponnesian Peninsula. Homer described the war of the Greek Coalition forces led by Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, against Troy. After the destruction of Knossos, Aegean civilization changed from Crete civilization to Mycenae civilization. Mycenae inherited Crete civilization in an all-round way and created his own characters on the basis of Crete linear characters. About 12 BC, another group of Dorians from the northern part of the mainland destroyed Mycenae and other slave countries. Mycenae was destroyed, but its highly civilized achievements not only provided rich materials for later Greek epics and dramas, but also formed the earliest regional civilization in Europe: Aegean civilization with Crete civilization, which became the basis for the development of later Greek civilization.

From BC 1 1 to the 9th century, Greece made a transition from primitive society to class society. This era has left us a precious literary heritage, Homer's epic, so this era is called Homer's era or epic era. This is an era of military democracy, which has produced a series of heroes and heroic deeds, thus providing rich materials for Homer's epic and laying the foundation for later European literature. Literature older than epic is myth. Greek mythology has been passed down orally, scattered in Homer's epic, hesiod's divine spectrum and other works. Greek mythology is the soil of ancient Greek literature, which provides rich creative materials for later epic, poetry, drama and other literary forms.

From the 8th century BC, Greece gradually developed into the slavery city-state era, and Greek literature also entered the classical period. A city-state is a city-state, which is formed on the basis of a central city, including small countries in surrounding villages. On the Greek peninsula, there were more than 200 city-states, the most important of which were Sparta and Athens. These city-states are basically the same in social system, customs, language, religious belief and civilization tradition, and all belong to the Greek nation.

During the establishment of the city-state, Greece experienced two hundred years of king rule (900-700 BC). At this stage, the Greek spirit, individual freedom and artistic creation freedom were stifled, so this era is also called the dark age. With the emergence of nouveau riche rulers, Greece entered the era of tyranny (700-500 BC). A tyrant is a dictator who gains state power through violence. Tyrant politics promoted the development of industry and commerce, and literature and art flourished.

From 497 to 479 BC, there was a protracted Greek-Persian war, which ended in the victory of the Greek Coalition forces. The victory of the war greatly improved the military strength and political prestige of the Athens city-state, and achieved the status of ruling Greece, which created objective conditions for the high prosperity of the slave economy in Athens and the maturity of slave owner democracy. The prosperity of Greek city-states, especially Athens in the 5th century BC, laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of literature and art economically and politically. During 459-404 BC, the sharp contradiction between Athens and Sparta eventually developed into the Peloponnesian War. The result of this war was not only the defeat of Athens, but also the decline of Greek city-states and the rapid disintegration of Greek civilization. At the same time, the newly rising kingdom of Macedonia in the northern part of the Greek peninsula sent troops to the south, and unified all Greece in 338 BC. At this point, the history of the Greek city-state ended and the history of the Hellenistic country began.

In the classical period, the slave economy in Greece was highly prosperous, the citizens' democracy was developed, and a wealthy social class appeared. The economic and political changes in Greece have brought new ideas, consciousness and feelings to society. In Athens, which represents the civilization in the heyday of ancient Greece, the aristocratic ideology from the 8th century BC to the 6th century BC gave way to the democratic ideology from the 5th century BC to the 4th century BC. All civilized life of citizens embodies this new thought, consciousness and feelings, which is more extensive and democratic. Prior to this, the thoughts and feelings of the aristocratic class were yearning for the distant past and remembering their cordial experiences in the heroic age, so Homer's epic praised the aristocratic war and adventure life that can be traced back to Mycenae. The bard sang Homer's epic to the accompaniment of the harp, just to entertain the nobles. The world of gods represented by Zeus in traditional mythology reflects the thoughts and feelings of the nobles in human society in the heroic age. However, in Athens in the 5th century BC, the fashion of civilization changed significantly. Homer's epic has become a teaching material for people's ideological education, and traditional fairy tales have also been used by drama to reflect the thoughts and feelings of ordinary people. During this period, Greek classical civilization reached its peak, and there appeared poems with the main feature of expressing personal feelings and dramas with the main content of reflecting social and personal life. Alcaeus, Sappho, Aracri Weng and Pindar were all famous poets who wrote lyric poems at that time. Their works emphasize the expression and description of inner feelings, which is a literary reflection of the awakening of individual and collective consciousness in ancient Greece. Drama in the classical period is the highest achievement of ancient Greek literature, which shows the social characteristics of slave-owner democracy in Athens at various stages of development. The most famous tragic poets in this period are Aeschylus, Sophocles and euripides, and the most famous comic poet is aristophanes.

After the kingdom of Macedonia conquered Greece by virtue of its military superiority, it began to brew eastward aggression and expansion. In 337 BC, the king of Macedonia was assassinated and his son Alexander became king. Through a series of aggression and expansion, Alexander finally established a great empire across Europe, Asia and Africa. After the Alexander Empire, the period from the end of 4th century BC to 1 century BC is usually called Hellenistic period, but in fact Alexander conquered the East militarily, but was melted by the Oriental system politically, and did not bring Greek-style city-state and slave-owner democracy to the East. Greek scholars who followed Alexander eastward brought Greek civilization to the East, and also brought Eastern civilization to Greece. The development of transportation and commerce between the east and the west promoted the integration of art, thought and wisdom between the east and the west, and gave birth to the prosperity of civilization and science and technology in the eastern Mediterranean from the 4th century BC to the 2nd century BC. The East has a long history of traditional knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, which has promoted the development of Greece in this respect. Greek architecture and sculpture also spread to the East. In Pagama and Antioch in the East, you can see the plastic arts of Greece. Ideologically, the integration of eastern and western knowledge has greatly broadened people's minds and horizons and promoted the development of academic research.

During the Hellenistic period, literature gradually declined, and only new comedies, poems and essays made achievements. With the development of history to the Alexander era, literature that pays more attention to reality has replaced outdated myths and legends with heroic themes, and social and personal life has become the central content of literature in this period. After the Peloponnesian War, a new world comedy appeared on the Greek stage and was warmly welcomed by the audience. This kind of comedy appeared after aristophanes, so it is also called new comedy. The main feature of this kind of comedy is to describe secular figures in reality, such as shoemakers, farmers, cooks, doctors, pharmacists, diners, prophets, geisha, slaves, soldiers and so on. The new comedy turns from aristophanes's artistic style of satirizing politics and criticizing the shortcomings of the times to caring about family life and personal problems and describing interesting love stories. The theater has also changed from a political forum in the aristophanes era to a place of entertainment now. The representative figure of the new comedy is Meinander (343-293 BC). Minand didn't have a complete comedy, but Roman writers Plautus and Terrence rewritten his works, so he influenced later generations through these rewritten works. The art of new comedy has also changed. Chorus in classical tragedies and comedies disappeared in the new comedy, the number of actors increased, the performance skills improved, and dialogue became more important. In addition to the new comedy, the poetic genres in the Hellenistic period mainly include elegy and pastoral poetry.

Although Greek literature in Hellenistic period was far less excellent and great than that in classical period, it made progress in literature and academic research, with the emergence of academic documents and poems, which opened up the research fields of linguistics and grammar. Greek scholars tried to collect data, analyze and sort out past writers and their works, and eliminate subsequent tampering and distortion, which had an important impact on future literary creation and literary research. Linguists and grammarians began to compile dictionaries and book catalogues. The most outstanding literary critics in that period were Zhi Nuo Dostoevsky, aristophanes and Alistair. In the 2nd century BC, Dionysus systematically sorted out the theories of his former grammarians, which laid the foundation for later grammarians. After the 2nd century BC, Greece did nothing in literature. With the rise of the Roman Empire, the focus of literature shifted to Rome.

Greek literature is a long historical process, which has produced countless literary works. The prosperity of poetry and drama promoted the emergence and development of novels and made brilliant achievements, but most of them did not survive. After Rome conquered Greece, the history of Greece and Rome were intertwined, and the literature of Greece and Rome was integrated. Therefore, some Greek novels are often regarded as the literary heritage of Rome. But it doesn't matter. Importantly, as ancient Greek and Roman literature, they provide us with the earliest novel examples in the history of European literature.

Ancient Greek literature is still being explored. For example, in the papyrus literature of the British Museum, 20 Bagury's lyric poems, congratulations poems, ode to the sun god and ode to Dionysus were newly discovered, of which 6 were relatively complete. There are also 400 fragments of the poet Alcais Izz Oss and 200 fragments of Sappho. Two complete comedies handed down by Minand, Hater and Samos Woman, were found in 1985. In fact, the Greek literature we know now is only a very small part of all the literature at that time, and a lot of literature at that time may have been annihilated with the passage of time.

2. Lyrics, essays, speeches, philosophy and literary theory

Greek lyric poetry originally refers to poetry sung with the accompaniment of harp or musical instrument. Primitive lyric poems are no different from epic poems in expression form, and they are accompanied by harp. Most ancient Greek poems began with singing, and poetry was often accompanied by music. After the rise of lyric lamentations and iambic poems, poems were sung without musical instruments. Lyrics are mainly divided into three types: elegy, satire and piano music. Elegy is a rhythmic elegy. The oldest lamentation poets are Carinus and Arcalocos of Ephesus. Among all the lamentation poets, the greatest poet is Minamus. In Nannuo, a long poem named after his lover, he expressed his yearning for the lover who plays the flute and his feelings were sincere. Satire is written in iambic and can be sung with a double pipe or harp. They are lively, enthusiastic and keen. The main poets are Aka Rocos, anany Ace, Hermes Pass and Krka Das. The satirical poems in ancient Greece also included animal fables, which later developed into a collection of short stories named after Aesop.

Ancient Greek piano music can be divided into solo piano music and chorus piano music, accompanied by harp. Solo piano music is a poem that the poet expresses his personal feelings, and chorus piano music is a song sung by a group of well-trained dancers. Al Qais Oss, Sappho and Anacreon are the representatives of piano solos, while Ackerman, Stesco, Szimonidesz, Kunides and Pindar are the most famous chorus piano pieces.

Ancient Greek literature not only made brilliant achievements in epic, lyric and drama, but also left a rich legacy in prose. Classical Chinese is different from today's prose concept, which mainly refers to the metrical style of poetry. The Greeks called it logographia, which means oral writing. The Romans called it oratio Solta or O Ratio for short, which means unrestrained statement. Similar to ancient China, articles that didn't rhyme or rearrange were called parallel prose, which was different from verse and parallel prose.

The earliest Greek prose works were carved on stone tablets and bronze vessels, mainly recording some concise documents, announcements, oracles and so on. This is very important to the public. Ancient Greece also handed down some stories written in prose, such as Ancient Tales. Prose was also used to record and describe scientific discoveries at that time, such as Euclid and Archimedes' account of geometry research.

The last important essayist in ancient Greece was Lucian (about 65438 BC+AD 190). He wrote a lot of satirical works in the form of dialogue and the irony of ancient Greek political comedies, attacking various social abuses. His vivid words, humorous language and keen thinking had a great influence on later satirical literature. Engels called him "Voltaire in ancient times". Lucian has 82 works, mainly philosophical essays and novels.

In the 5th and 4th centuries BC, speeches made great achievements. Greek speeches are excellent prose works, which are the product of the development of rhetoric. The significance of Speech to literature lies in that it develops ordinary prose writing into a fixed prose style and emphasizes the important role of rhetorical skills. The development of speech promotes the emergence of speech theory and makes speech a science called rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of expounding the arguments and rhetoric of speech, and it is an ancient Chinese theory. The speeches in ancient Greece can be divided into three categories: political speeches, litigation speeches and ceremonial speeches. There were ten great orators in ancient Greece, among which Lucius (about 450-380 BC), Aesop Grady (about 436-338 BC) and Demosthenes (about 384-322 BC) were the most famous.

Ancient Greek prose is closely related to historical works and philosophical works. Historical works play an important role in early Greek prose. From a narrow literary perspective, the earliest important historical document is the Chronicle of Ionia and Sicily. Since the 5th century BC, ancient Greek historiography has gradually matured. The most important historians in ancient Greece were Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon. Herodotus is famous for his 9-volume History, which earned him the title of "Father of History".

Philosophy has played an important role in promoting the development of prose style. In early Greek philosophy, the word "philosophy" means "love wisdom". Its main purpose is to understand the nature of man and his universe, determine the relationship between man and his universe, and find out how to live wisely and beautifully. Ancient philosophy is mainly divided into three categories: metaphysics, physics and ethics. The main representatives are Heraclitus (about 530-470 BC), democritus and Pythagoras.

From the second half of the 5th century BC to the 4th century BC, Greek philosophy made great achievements, and the study of literary theory further developed, resulting in two great philosophers: Plato and Aristotle.

Plato studied philosophy from Socrates and was a master of philosophy. He wrote a large number of philosophical dialogues in prose, totaling more than 40 articles, involving political, ethical, literary, educational and philosophical issues that were hotly debated at that time, mainly including The Republic, Fidel, Ian and Drinking. Plato is the originator of western idealistic philosophy, and his views on literature and art and aesthetics have had a far-reaching impact on the development of European literary criticism and created a precedent for western literary theory.

Aristotle is the greatest philosopher and literary theorist in ancient Greece after Plato. He studied with Plato for more than 20 years. Aristotle was the "most learned man" in ancient Greece. He wrote a lot of works in his life, such as instrumentalism, metaphysics, physics, ethics, politics, poetics, rhetoric, psychology and so on. In philosophy, Aristotle developed Heraclitus' materialist dialectical thought, holding that the rational principle exists in perceptual things, thus criticizing Plato's objective idealism. In the history of European literature, Aristotle was the first to widely apply the scientific viewpoint at that time to the field of literary theory, which influenced European literature for more than two thousand years. His Poetics is the first literary theory work with a complete system in Europe, which puts forward a series of important literary viewpoints.