This book consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 is the study of dreams before 1900. This paper focuses on the literature about dreams and describes in detail the theories of predecessors and contemporaries about dreams. Before the emergence of science, the concept of dreams was of course brewed by the ancients' concept of the universe as a whole. They were used to projecting their spiritual life on the imaginary external reality. Moreover, the dreams they see depend on the dreams they leave after waking up during the day. Compared with other spiritual contents, this aspect of memory is of course strange and unusual, as if it came from another world. But we must never think that dreams are supernatural. This theory no longer exists today. In fact, today, not only those myths and novelists who believe in Machamp's chaotic gods, but also those who cling to the theory of ghosts and gods left by this hurricane are outstanding people in society. Although they don't like excessive emotions in some aspects, their religious beliefs still convince them that the power of God is indeed the cause of this inexplicable dream phenomenon. Some philosophical schools are also convinced of the influence of divine power handed down from ancient times on dreams, but for some thinkers, the power of predicting dreams still cannot be completely erased. Although scientists have clearly realized that this superstition is not credible, all these divergent differences still exist, mainly because psychological explanations are still not enough to solve the accumulated dream materials. It is really difficult to sort out the history of scientific research on dreams, because some studies were really valuable in a certain period, but so far they have not been able to make real progress in a certain direction, so that scholars can continue to develop according to the proven results. Before 1900, the classical theory of dreams believed that dreams were symbolic representations of things that had happened or were happening or would happen. Freud disagreed with this view. He pointed out that dreams are not oracles to predict the future, but a continuation of the dreamer's psychological activities when he is not awake. He clearly pointed out that the contents of dreams are mostly recent and childhood data, and according to his own analysis of dreams, he thought that almost every dream originated from the experience of the day before. He explained that as long as the external stimulation of nerves and the internal stimulation of the body are strong enough to attract the attention of the mind, the starting point of dreams and the core of dream data can be formed, and a certain mental impression can be noticed according to the "reproduction principle". The second chapter is the analysis method of dreams. This chapter introduces the analysis method, steps and matters needing attention of a dream, and analyzes in detail the dream of a man named Yima about injection. Freud thought that one can't concentrate on the whole dream; Only each small part can be released one by one. And think that the same dream has different meanings for different people and different connections. Freud believed that dreams are just a bunch of psychological elements. Regarding the skill of dream interpretation, he clearly applied it in the process of treating "hysteria" for Yima. No wonder Freud said confidently: "I am quite satisfied with the findings of the analysis just now-if we follow the above dream analysis method, we will find that dreams are meaningful, which is by no means what the average author said about dreams:' dreams are only the product of incomplete brain cells'." On the contrary, once the work of dream interpretation can be completely completed, we can find that dreams represent a kind of' realization of wishes'. "(page 53) So, he said," The content of a dream lies in the realization of a wish, and its motivation lies in a certain desire "(page 5l). Chapter 3: Dreams are the realization of wishes. In this chapter, Freud put forward his theory that dreams are the satisfaction of desires. Dreams satisfy instinctive desires and relieve impulses to a certain extent; Without causing the vigilance of the inspection agency, thus protecting sleep. In this sense, dreams are the realization of wishes. However, in the dream state, the psychological review mechanism still plays a considerable role, which makes the instinctive desire unable to be naked. Therefore, instinctive desires can only be achieved through symbolic, tortuous and obscure methods to avoid inspection. Starting from the premise that dreams are the actions of subjective mind, Freud affirmed that all dreams are self-centered and related to themselves. Even if the ego does not appear in the dream, it is only hidden behind others by "pretending to be a role". He emphasized that from every dream, you can find the self that the dreamer loves, and all this shows your will. For example, the prisoner's dream "there is no better theme than escape". The fourth chapter is the modification of dreams, which is also translated as "the disguise of dreams". Freud believed that the subconscious instinctive impulse (essentially sexual impulse) was manifested by deceiving the relaxed psychological examination mechanism in the form of disguise while sleeping, which constituted a dream. If pleasant, joyful and happy dreams are the realization of wishes, how can we understand unpleasant, even painful and tragic dreams? Freud's answer is that no matter how unpleasant the dream is, it is just a "disguised modification" of desire satisfaction. He believes: "The failure to satisfy one wish actually symbolizes the satisfaction of another wish." Because the dreamer has scruples about this wish, this wish can only be expressed in another modified form. "Dreams are the (improved) satisfaction of (repressed) desires." This is Freud's complete formula for describing dreams. With such a formula, no matter what kind of dream, it can be classified as "wish fulfillment". Freud further analyzed: "Just like the dreams we put forward in the third chapter, some of them are very obvious wishes come true. Once the wish is realized, it will be' (disguised' or' (unrecognizable'), which means that the dreamer himself has scruples about this wish, so this wish can only be expressed in another modified form. " (Page 74) In order to illustrate this theory of "disguised modification", Freud put forward two scientific hypotheses: "We must assume that there are two or ten psychological instances in everyone's mind-denity, system and psychicalforces. The first is the content of expressing wishes in dreams; The second plays the role of an inspector and "modifies" the dream. "At the same time, make a reasonable assumption:' Everything we can recognize will be recognized by the second psychological step; And those psychological first-step materials, once they fail to pass the second level, cannot be accepted by consciousness, and they must be deformed to the satisfaction level of the second level before they can enter the realm of consciousness. However, it is necessary to prove that the secret meaning of each dream really lies in the realization of the wish, or point out its modification and so on. This really requires some hard analytical work. The fifth chapter is the material and source of dreams. From the beginning, his dream theory revolved around the problem of subconscious, and divided dreams into "explicit content" and "implicit content" (1atentcontent). With the help of the dreamer's association and the dreamer's interpretation of "symbol", he took the events of the day as an opportunity to trace his instinctive desire in childhood. This chapter introduces the recent impressions and irrelevant impressions in dreams, such as dreaming and the analysis of botanical monographs; Childhood experience forms the source of dreams and the material source of dreams; Some typical dreams, such as embarrassing naked dreams, dreams of relatives and friends dying, dreams of exams, etc. Freud called the things described in the dream "the explicit content of the dream"; The hidden things that he thinks embody desire and can only be realized through the analysis of ideas are called "implicit thoughts of dreams". "He said that dreams can't publicly express their own taboo desires, especially those related to sexual desire. Therefore, through the "dream work", the hidden thoughts of dreams are turned into explicit contents; And "dream interpretation" is the work of destroying "dreams". He said: the thought and content of dreams are like two descriptions of the same content in two languages; Or, more specifically, the content of dreams is like translating dream thoughts into another form of expression for us. We must find out the symbols and rules of this form of expression by comparing the original text with the translation. This can make the hidden thought of dreams no longer a secret that is so difficult to understand, and make the explicit content return to its hidden thought. Freud believed that dream interpretation meant looking for hidden meaning. As for the source of dreams, he thinks there are three possibilities: first, he may be excited during the day, but he can't be satisfied due to external reasons, so he leaves an acknowledged but unsatisfied will and can't sleep until the evening. Second, it may have originated in the daytime, but it was rejected, so what was left for the night was an unsatisfied and repressed wish. Third, it may have nothing to do with the day, but it is a repressed desire, only active at night ... The first desire started from the former consciousness; The second desire is driven from consciousness to subconscious; The third kind of desire impulse cannot break through the subconscious system. In addition to these three sources, he stressed that "the origin of the fourth desire should also be added, that is, the desire impulse (such as thirst or sexual demand). ) generated at any time at night. The sixth chapter is the operation of dreams, which is also translated as the work of dreams. We already know that dreams are divided into two levels: explicit dreams and implicit dreams. Showing dreams is the surface plot of dreams, and its content can be recalled; Hidden dreams are instinctive desires, which should be expressed through explicit dreams. The transformation of implicit dreams into explicit dreams depends on the operating mechanism of dreams. This chapter is the longest, focusing on the cohesion of dreams, the transfer (displacement) of dreams, the expressive methods of dreams, the expressive force of dream materials, the symbols of dreams, the emotional and rational activities in dreams, and some absurd dreams, arithmetic and verbal dreams. Freud said that the explicit content of dreams is like the implicit thought of dreams being "omitted", which can be said to be an abridged translation of the latter. If there is a hybrid who looks like A, dresses like B and does things like C, however, people will always think that he is actually D. The composition of this hybrid makes the commonality of these people particularly emphasized. In this way, the task of finding out the recurring elements in the dream, forming a new consortium and producing some common codes is called dream cohesion. The transfer function of dreams is to replace the hidden thoughts of dreams with some distant and unimportant things, such as metaphors and hints, to shift the spiritual focus or center of dreams, so that the hidden thoughts cannot be seen on the surface by the explicit contents of dreams. In fact, it is on this transformed face that this dream reproduces its subconscious wishes. If a guest has left and turned back, saying that he forgot to bring his crutches is actually just an excuse. His subconscious wish is to see the housewife again. The manifestation and operating mechanism of dreams are mainly reflected in the following four aspects: First, condensation, that is, several implied meanings appear as a symbol. Its function is carried out in a dream, and its purpose is to escape the "dream check". Freud believes that the situation in an individual's dream is a symbolic expression of information in his subconscious, and through the analysis of dreams, we can get the repressed problems or clues in his subconscious. The second is displacement, or transposition, that is, turning repressed desires into unimportant ideas. It is also carried out in a dream, with the purpose of avoiding the "dream check". "But when I wake up and recall my dream experience, I will still be' checked', that is, the dreamer will add some inverted sorting materials in the dream. This "ending" process includes dramatization and embellishment. Dramatization is to express desire as a concrete image. Retouching is to organize the dreams that are out of order after waking up so that they can better cover up the truth. It is generally believed that this arrangement makes dreams a unified and almost coherent thing, which is the last process of "dream work", that is, "double processing". When psychoanalysts interpret dreams, they should discover hidden dreams and repressed desires in the dreamer's subconscious through the operating mechanism of dreams. In order to reveal the subconscious desire, dream interpretation can be organically combined with analyzing the content of free association. In psychoanalytic therapy, dream interpretation and free association analysis constitute the core part of the method of treating neurosis patients. The seventh chapter is the process psychology of dreams, which is also translated as "the process psychology of dreams". This chapter is the theoretical summary and the most obscure and abstract part of this book. This paper analyzes the phenomenon and theory of dream forgetting, degeneration (retrogression) and wish realization, the role of awakening from dreaming and anxious dreams, the initial and subsequent steps-latent suppression, the reality of subconscious and consciousness, etc. Freud developed scientific thoughts in his early book "Design of Scientific Psychology" (1895), divided the envisaged psychological institutions into primary and secondary psychological processes, and then analyzed the interaction among subconscious, pre-consciousness and consciousness, in order to have a scientific understanding of the psychological process of dreams. It regards the subconscious mind, resistance and repression and the importance of sex as the three cornerstones of psychoanalysis, and dreams, mistakes and neurosis as the three main forms of subconscious behavior. Freud's psychoanalysis is based on subconscious theory and sexual desire theory. His subconscious theory firmly believes that the unconscious psychological process of activities in a certain period of time is not only a definite fact, but also the universal basis of human spiritual life. This theory has been widely accepted by people. Freud's interpretation of dreams is closely related to his two unique views on the motivation of human behavior (first, all human behaviors stem from two instinctive impulses: "sex" and "attack"; The second is to explain people's behavior with subconscious motives. His interpretation of dreams did not stop at the superficial phenomenon of dreams, but tried to dig out people's deep motives, which also opened the way for us to deeply study the psychological significance of dreams. Finally, in The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud used his subconscious theory to analyze the works of the Greek tragic writer Sophocles' King Oedipus and Shakespeare's Hamlet. Symbols have also been given a wide range of content. Freud said that symbols are not unique to dreams, but the characteristics of subconscious thoughts. Symbols can be found in folk songs, myths and legends, while dreams "use symbols to express their hidden thoughts in disguise." According to his sexual desire theory, sexual instinct impulse not only plays an important role in the etiology of neurosis, but even thinks that it is this animal instinct impulse that is transformed into the sublimation of socially acceptable creative behavior, thus bringing the highest creation of literature, art, science and even the whole civilization. Indeed, the interpretation of dreams has a far-reaching influence in the west. It not only greatly promoted the development of psychoanalysis, but also penetrated into many disciplines in social sciences, such as literature and aesthetics, religious history and prehistory, mythology, folklore, pedagogy and so on. Therefore, some western scholars believe that probably no one has had a greater influence on the thought, literature and art of the 20th century than Freud. This book has lasted for nearly a century, and Freud's explanation of dreams has gone deep into the deep motivation. He can say things that his predecessors have never said, and dare to say things that his predecessors dare not say, which is actually beyond his predecessors. But his subjectivity, randomness and mystery in dream interpretation are also obvious. He linked the hidden meaning of all human dreams with the instinctive desire in the dreamer's subconscious, which seems far-fetched. He explained dreams according to his own sexual desire theory, and regarded people not as social people, but almost as a creature, so he was condemned by people from the beginning.