The academic system refers to the system of all kinds of schools at all levels. Therefore, the emergence of academic system is accompanied by the emergence of schools. Needless to say, there can be no school system without schools. Then, with the school, will there be a school system? It's not inevitable. The emergence of a complete academic system requires the following three conditions: first, the development of social economy. Objectively stimulated the social demand for education and training talents, so that the development of the school showed a potential momentum. The second is the emergence of the national education right. The state must master the control and management of education, so that it is possible to determine education in the form of laws and regulations from a macro perspective. Third, the development of the school should have a certain scale. Only in this way will there be some problems of intersection, convergence and proportion. It will make schools distinguish between types and levels. Therefore, in the early days of China ancient society, although there were schools, strictly speaking, there was no education system. Or the academic system in the modern sense has not yet formed.

According to historical records, the earliest schools in China were born in the Xia Dynasty, but the schools at that time were different from those in the modern sense, and were places for providing for the aged, practicing martial arts and educating. "Xia Houshi's learning is itchy in the world", "Xia Houshi's order" and "Xia Yue School" Mencius explained: "Those who itch raise it; Learn and teach; Order, shoot also. " In the Western Zhou Dynasty, it initially had a school system, which was divided into two major systems: Chinese studies and rural studies. Sinology is the central official school, while rural school is the local official school. In ancient China (from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty), this educational system was basically used all the time. In the first year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, the establishment of Shi Jing Wentong Museum marked the beginning of modern education in China, and the first modern academic system began to appear in the history of China.

(A) the modern academic system

1, phonetic system, Guimao system (1902 system, 1904 system)

Renyin academic system was drafted by Zhang Baixi, Minister of Management Department of Qing Government, in 1902, which is called the charter of King James School. Because this year is an old calendar year, it is also called 1902 academic system. This is the earliest school system officially promulgated by the state in China's modern education history, but it was not put into practice for various reasons.

Guimao Academic System was named Playing School Charter, which was drafted by Zhang Baixi, Rong Lu and Zhang Zhidong on 1904. That year was named because it was a year in the old calendar. Also known as 1904 academic system. It is the first school system promulgated by the state and implemented nationwide in the modern education history of China. This academic system vertically divides school education into three sections and six levels: 9 years in primary school, 5 years in middle school and 6 to 7 years in higher education; It is horizontally divided into ordinary schools, normal schools and industrial schools, which implement general education, normal education and vocational education respectively.

Both the non-Yin school system and the Guimao school system were borrowed from the Meiji Restoration in Japan. At that time, the Qing government adopted a series of measures to formulate the academic system: sending officials to Japan for inspection; Send students to study in Japan; Hire a Japanese teacher; Translate Japanese teaching books and so on. The formulation of the academic system of human voice is called by Zhang Baixi as "making the past serve the present and taking part in other countries". Gui Mao's education system is not limited to the ancient education system in China, but has introduced the types and years of Japanese schools in an all-round way, forming an education system basically the same as Japan's. But there are also differences, such as extending the academic system, attaching importance to normal education and industrial education, increasing grades and improving levels. This was an innovation when Japan was introduced to run schools.

The establishment of the academic system of Renyin Guimao was the most influential reform measure that the Qing government was forced to implement after the failure of the Sino-Japanese War. Its promulgation and implementation accelerated the demise of China's imperial examination system and the process of education legalization, which was a milestone for China's educational modernization.

2. The academic system of "Ren Zi Gui Chou"

The educational system of "Renzi Guichou" is the product after the victory of the Revolution of 1911. The victory of the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and ended the feudal system in China for two thousand years. 19 12 The Republic of China was founded, with an interim president headed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen and Cai Yuanpei as the first chief of education. Under the auspices of Cai Yuanpei, the Ministry of Education of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, the first bourgeois education administrative institution in China, was established. Cai Yuanpei has carried out a series of reforms since he became the chief of education. He "deeply felt that after the Revolution of 1911, educational thoughts and methods changed. The "Renyin Academic System" and "Guimao Academic System" promulgated in the late Qing Dynasty conform to the imperial system, but they are not suitable for the Republic and cannot meet the requirements of the Chinese people. " So the Ministry of Education decided to promulgate a new law to replace the old one.

The educational system of Renzi Guichou is the second educational system in modern China, which was formulated under the auspices of Cai Yuanpei. 1965438+a national temporary education conference was held in July and August, 2002, and famous domestic education experts were invited to meet and discuss. Finally, in September, the Ministry of Education issued an academic order to the whole country, that is, the "Lun Zi academic system". The following year, various school orders at all levels were promulgated one after another, supplementing the school system order, which was collectively called "the educational system of neglecting children and ugliness". The whole academic system is 18 years, which is divided into three sections, four levels and three systems. The first stage is primary education, which is divided into four years of primary school and three years of higher primary school, with a total of seven years. The second stage is secondary education, which has only one level and lasts for four years. The third stage is higher education, which is also the first level, but it is divided into preparatory courses and undergraduate courses. In addition to the school system composed of primary schools, middle schools and universities, there are two systems: normal education and industrial education.

This academic system shortens the primary education to seven years and the secondary education to four years, cancels the Bible reading course in primary schools and normal schools, implements equality in education between men and women, allows primary schools to be co-educational, establishes special schools, and trains practical talents for colleges and universities. These measures, especially the stipulation that "men and women are equal in education and primary schools are allowed to be co-educational", are of great significance in the history of modern education development in China and the history of citizens' right to education. However, the implementation of this educational system has also exposed many shortcomings. For example, "too much emphasis on the unity of the whole, lack of flexibility; The number of years in each school year is unreasonable, ... too much emphasis on general education, and so on. "

(2) Modern academic system

19 19 The May 4th Movement, which broke out, is considered as the starting point of modern education in China. Ren Xu's education system was formed under the influence of the May 4th New Culture Movement, with the introduction of foreign education theories and the development of China's national capitalist industry. Therefore, the school system in Ren Xu is called the modern school system.

Ren Xu's educational system is the first in the history of modern education in China. Formerly known as "Educational System Reform Plan", it was promulgated in 1922, that is, Ren Xunian in the old calendar, so it was called Ren Xu Educational System or 1922 Educational System. This education system is the oldest, most influential and most mature one. Its formulation and implementation process can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage is the preparation stage (1915-1921year), and the first meeting was held in Tianjin, at which the Hunan Provincial Education Association put forward a plan for the reform of the academic system. In the next few annual meetings, many provincial education societies put forward the requirements of "innovative academic system" and submitted proposals to the conference. The second stage is the formative period (192 1 year-1922). 192 1 year, the seventh annual meeting of the National Federation of Education Societies was held in Guangzhou, and the Academic System Plan was discussed and adopted. Later, after the academic system meeting convened by the Ministry of Education and the eighth annual meeting of the National Education Federation, the academic system plan of Ren Xu was finally formed. The third stage, the promulgation and implementation stage (1922- 1932), Ren Xu's academic system has been used until 1932 and stopped using after 1932.

Ren Xu school system divides the whole school system into three parts: primary education, secondary education and higher education. Shorten the primary school period, set up a three-year junior high school, cancel the pre-university course and set up a three-year senior high school, which improves the level of normal education. Vocational education is a single system, and there is no difference in the curriculum of male and female schools.

Compared with the two educational systems promulgated in modern times, Ren Xu's educational system has the following characteristics: (1) It broke the tradition of learning from Japan in the past, and started from the actual situation of social, economic and educational development in China to learn from the United States. (2) The formulation of the educational system is not only the behavior of the government, but also fully absorbs the opinions of educators and educational experts. (3) The formulation of the academic system has a long gestation period of seven years, and it takes a long time to implement and has the greatest impact. Of course, Ren Xu's education system also has some limitations, such as the lack of dialectical analysis of the educational influence of pragmatism, and the over-idealization of some aspects of the education system. The formulation of this academic system is also of great significance to the practice of educational legislation in China. The first is how to correctly analyze and evaluate the influence of foreign culture in the process of educational legislation. Secondly, fully absorbing the suggestions of staff in the field of education, especially experts, will greatly promote the scientific and standardized education legislation in China.

(3) Current academic system

Since 195 1 the State Council promulgated the Decision on Reforming the Academic System, with the development of the national economy and the adjustment of the educational structure, the academic system has also changed and developed, and a relatively complete academic system from preschool education to postgraduate education has been gradually established, that is, the current academic system in China.

Article 10 of the Education Law stipulates: "The state implements a school education system of preschool education, primary education, secondary education and higher education". In China's current school system, vertically, it can be divided into four stages: preschool education, primary education, secondary education and higher education. Among them, the primary education stage and junior high school education stage are collectively called compulsory education stage. Horizontally, after the secondary education stage, classification began to appear. According to the different nature and objectives, education in China can be divided into general education system and vocational education system. The vocational education system needs to be based on the general education system. General education is implemented in the primary education stage, and both general education and vocational education are implemented above the secondary education stage; According to the object of education, it can be divided into: school-age education system and adult education system; According to the universality and compulsion of education, it can be divided into compulsory education system (universal education system) and non-compulsory education system (non-universal education system).

The modern education system is formed to meet the requirements of the development of social productive forces for the quality and quantity of workers, and it also develops and changes with the continuous progress of society. With the rapid development of modern academic system, the setting, educational form, years of study, enrollment targets and training objectives of schools and other educational institutions within the academic system are increasingly diversified. In order to maintain the unity of the education system, the national education system is formulated by the education administrative department of the State Council authorized by the State Council or the State Council. The conditions for the establishment of schools and other educational institutions in the education system, the examination and approval organs and methods, the change procedures, the types and confirmation of school-running forms, the different study years and forms of schools and other educational institutions at all levels, the school-running orientation and enrollment scope of schools and other educational institutions at all levels, and the educational objectives and quality standards that schools and other educational institutions at all levels should achieve should be standardized by the state to establish a unified, scientific and modern education system.