Doctor's degree can only be obtained through the examination of papers recognized by the state, and the level of papers is reflected by publishing them in recognized journals. Such papers are called academic. On the contrary, many people have high professional level, but their academic research ability is not high, so it is difficult to publish high-level papers. For these people, there is no strict requirement for a doctorate. This is called a major. But these are informal classifications.
The difference between postgraduate entrance examination and academics; The difference between academic graduate students and professional degree graduate students.
1. According to the relevant regulations of our country, academic postgraduate education focuses on cultivating teaching and scientific research talents, and the types of degrees awarded are mainly academic degrees. Professional masters mainly train senior professionals in specific occupations. Its learning style is flexible, which can be roughly divided into two categories: on-the-job learning and full-time learning.
2. Degrees in China are divided into philosophy, economics, law, education, literature, history, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, military science, management and so on 12. 12 is further subdivided into 88 first-level disciplines, and 88 first-level disciplines are further subdivided into more than 300 two disciplines, and there are also self-established enrollment units. Professional graduate students: As the name implies, they specialize in a certain major, including law, social work, education, Chinese international education, translation, landscape architecture, military, architecture, veterinary medicine, clinical medicine, accounting, stomatology, agricultural extension, sports (except for the direction of competition organization) and engineering (except for the direction of project management).
3. Academic postgraduate entrance examination is mainly the national unified entrance examination for postgraduate students at the beginning of the year (referred to as "unified examination"). After being admitted, he will be granted postgraduate status. Upon graduation, if the course study and thesis defense meet the requirements of the Academic Degrees Regulations, you can get a diploma and a degree certificate. Professional masters can be roughly divided into two categories: on-the-job learning and off-the-job learning: off-the-job learning can get diplomas and degree certificates, while on-the-job learning can only get degrees.
3. Academic postgraduate education focuses on cultivating teaching and scientific research talents, and the types of degrees awarded are mainly academic degrees; The entrance examination for ordinary postgraduate students is only the "unified examination" at the beginning of the year, and the professional examinations other than the unified examination are put forward and marked by the enrollment unit itself. The national unified postgraduate entrance examination (unified examination) is completely the representative of Yan Jin and Kuan Chu. In the enrollment conditions of professional masters, applicants are generally required to have more than three years of work experience. Most professional masters need the approval of the unit when they apply for the exam, and some even need the recommendation of the unit. The above requirements do not exist in the enrollment conditions of ordinary masters.
4. Academic graduate students: full-time study. Usually three years. Recruit national plan (non-directional, directional) ordinary master students to enjoy tuition-free treatment according to state regulations. As an unplanned enrollment (commissioned training, self-funded), graduate students must pay tuition, which is generally 8000 yuan/year, which varies according to their majors. For self-funded students, poor students and other candidates, we can apply for national student loans or commercial loans to ease the pressure on tuition fees. Professional master's learning style is clever, full-time professional master and academic graduate students have the same academic system, while in-service graduate students generally study through spare time holidays.
What is the difference between the professional and academic types of oral postgraduate entrance examination? Professional type is mainly to cultivate working ability, while academic type is mainly to cultivate scientific research ability. The previous training types were all academic, but since 2009, the state has encouraged candidates to apply for professional master's degrees. Some professional masters only have diplomas and no degree certificates, but some special majors have both certificates, such as medicine. Undergraduate diploma is more important than degree certificate, and master diploma is more important than diploma.
Professional Master: It is a form of postgraduate education in China. According to the orientation of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee, a professional degree is a degree with a professional background, which trains senior professionals in a specific occupation. At present, the professional masters mainly include MBA, MPA, ME, J.M., MPACC, MPH, Master of Agricultural Extension, Master of Veterinary Medicine, Master of Literature, Master of Physical Education and Master of Landscape Architecture.
Academic: Degree education in China is mainly divided into two types: academic degree (academic theoretical research) or professional degree (focusing on practical ability). China's degrees are divided into 13 categories according to enrollment disciplines, including philosophy, economics, law, education, literature, history, science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, military science, management, and art. The categories are further divided into 88 first-class disciplines, subdivided into more than 300 two disciplines, and more than 760 two disciplines established by enrollment units.
How to say the difference between major and academic in English?
Translation results:
The difference lies in professionalism and academics.
I'll give you a positive answer for my master's degree in academic and professional fields. Academic master is the best choice!
Professional master is what we used to call master of engineering. It used to be read by on-the-job personnel, and there was only one certificate.
Last year, due to the sharp increase in the number of postgraduate entrance examinations, the state increased the number of full-time master of engineering (professional master) places for those who scored low in postgraduate entrance examinations. Difference: the first certificate is different; The second is that the course is simple, and the third is that the master of engineering is for engineering training and can't study directly. The most important thing is that this master of engineering has just been established by the country, and I don't know if the society will recognize it.
I am a student of Harbin Institute of Technology, and we started setting this up last year. I also invested in insurance research this year, and many students gave up.
The difference between academic and professional graduate students. First, in terms of tuition fees, it takes 10,000 years for professional students and six or seven thousand for academic students.
Second, most professional students study for two years, while most academic students study for three years.
Third, postgraduate entrance examination is more difficult than specialization.
Fourth, the master's degree is more formal and the tutor management is strict.
1, academic master, is the most common and common master, and most graduate students are academic. The academic system is generally three years, and a few colleges and universities have reduced it to two years. Most tuition fees are at public expense or at their own expense, and key universities are scholarships. Get a diploma and a degree certificate after graduation. Students are required to take the national postgraduate examination every year 1 month, reach the re-examination qualification line, and go to various colleges for re-examination.
2. Professional degrees, which have only emerged in recent years, are masters with professional backgrounds, such as master of education and master of translation. The academic system is generally two years, and there are also degree certificates and diplomas for graduation, but they are expressed as: professional degree certificates. Tuition is self-funded. There are two kinds of professional degrees, one is full-time and needs to participate in the postgraduate entrance examination every year 1 month. Those who pass the exam will take a second interview and then study in the college for two years. The other is working and going to school occasionally.
3. Freshmen and former students can participate in academic or professional degrees.
I'll give you a detailed comparison of the differences between academics and majors, and between academics and masters (the master's degree and on-the-job graduate students as we generally understand). After reading the following items, you will understand. Hope to adopt
I. Definition
Academic graduate students receive general master's education, focusing on training teaching and scientific research talents. The type of degree awarded is academic master's degree.
Professional degree is a kind of degree relative to academic degree, and its purpose is to cultivate applied senior professionals with solid theoretical foundation and meeting the actual needs of specific industries or occupations. Professional degree and academic degree are at the same level, with different training specifications and obvious differences in training objectives.
Second, the cultivation direction is different.
According to the relevant regulations of our country, the general master's education focuses on cultivating teaching and scientific research talents, and the main type of degree awarded is degree. You can get a postgraduate status after the exam in January, and you can get a master's diploma and a degree certificate after graduation.
Professional master is a master's degree with professional background, which is set up to train senior professionals in specific occupations.
1. academic education: take the exam in January, and you can get a master's diploma and a degree certificate after graduation. This is the same as the master we students understand. )
2. Non-academic education: 10 got the qualification to apply for a degree in the exam, and then got the master's degree certificate through the master's thesis defense, without a diploma. (This refers to on-the-job graduate students)
Third, the enrollment conditions are different.
Professional masters require applicants to have a certain number of years of work experience (refer to the conditions of on-the-job graduate students), while ordinary masters do not. The vast majority of professional masters also require on-the-job personnel to apply for the exam with the consent of their units or corresponding management departments, and some even require their units to recommend them. What our students usually say is to sign up and take exams with students from ordinary colleges. Everything before this year is different from on-the-job graduate students.
The specific application conditions are generally clearly stated in the enrollment brochures of the schools to be applied for, and the general students are of course completely satisfied.
Third, the entrance examination is different.
For students, the entrance examination for general masters is only the "unified examination" at the beginning of the year, while the professional examinations other than the unified examination are put forward and scored by the admissions unit itself. Our students' understanding of the master's degree is also a unified examination, and we will take it with the academic students in January. There are two opportunities for the entrance examination of professional master: the "joint examination" in June 65438+ 10 and the "unified examination" at the beginning of the year. Candidates can choose by themselves, and the professional examinations of these two national examinations are also set and marked by the enrollment units themselves (here they tend to be on the job).
Fourth, the difficulty of admission is different.
The national unified examination for postgraduate entrance examination is entirely the representative of Yan Jin and Kuan Chu. According to statistics, in 2005, the number of people taking the postgraduate entrance examination was1170,000, and the enrollment was only 320,000, with an enrollment ratio of 3.7: 1. Famous universities such as Peking University, Tsinghua and Fudan University, as well as popular majors such as microelectronics, information science, biomedicine, world economy and international finance, have a low admission rate due to a large number of applicants. It is understood that the enrollment ratio of popular majors in some prestigious schools even reaches 70: 1. But some unpopular majors in second-rate schools are not satisfied every year. Therefore, the difficulty of admission depends on the schools and majors that candidates apply for.
There are two opportunities for the entrance examination for professional masters: the "joint examination" in June 5438+ 10 and the "unified examination" at the beginning of the year (our students' understanding), and candidates can choose by themselves. The professional examinations of these two national examinations are put forward and marked by the admissions unit itself. The entrance difficulty of different majors is different, and the popular majors are relatively difficult. For example, in 2004, the MBA admission ratio of Fudan University, Jiaotong University and Finance University in Shanghai was around 6: 1; The national admission rate of LLM in 2004 was less than 10%. In addition, the difficulty of "joint examination" and "unified examination" is different. Because there are many more candidates for the "unified examination", the competition for the examination is naturally fierce. However, although the entrance examination is easy, the applicant's work background and experience are more important in the admission. (The specific data comes from China Postgraduate Entrance Examination Network for reference only)
5. Different learning styles
General master: full-time study. Usually three years.
Professional master: part-time, with a schooling of 2-3 years.
Specifically, the kind of academic and professional knowledge we students understand is two years, two and a half years and three years. Specifically, it is mainly shown in the school's enrollment brochure, and the specific school is analyzed.
Sixth, the learning cost is different.
Recruit national plan (non-directional, directional) ordinary master students to enjoy tuition-free treatment according to state regulations. As an unplanned enrollment (commissioned training, self-funded), graduate students must pay tuition, which is generally 8000 yuan/year, which varies according to their majors. For self-funded students, poor students and other candidates, we can apply for national student loans or commercial loans to ease the pressure on tuition fees.
Professional master's tuition fees vary greatly according to different professional categories. For example, the MBA tuition fee is ten or even hundreds of thousands of yuan, while the master of engineering tuition fee is generally 30,000-40,000 yuan. Professional masters generally cannot apply for national student loans (biased towards on-the-job graduate students).
The tuition standard is also stipulated in the school's enrollment brochure.
Seven, the diploma is different.
Unlike ordinary masters, most professional masters (on-the-job) only award degree certificates, but have no academic certificates. But there are exceptions, such as MBA, master of law, master of medicine, master of architecture and so on. At the same time, the degree and diploma are awarded. Generally speaking, students in the "unified examination" get "double certificates" and students in the "joint examination" get "certificates". According to our students' understanding, those who specialize in master's degree also get double certificates, just like academics.
Eight, different degrees of recognition
Ordinary Master: Because I graduated from a full-time regular university with a double certificate of academic degree, the social recognition of such graduates is very high. However, enterprises will also consider the weakness of full-time graduate students when recruiting: only theory, lack of experience. Especially for job seekers whose master's degree and undergraduate degree are completely different, and job seekers who have never had relevant work experience, enterprises will have scruples. It is suggested that such graduates strengthen their competitiveness through internships, * * * or taking vocational certificates.
Professional Master: The MBA who took the unified examination in June+10, 5438 can get a double certificate, while the master of engineering can only get a degree certificate at present, so the degree of recognition of professional master in the market is slightly different. Of course, with the increasing types of professional masters in recent years, the number of applicants has increased year after year, so popularity has driven the market effect, and the recognition and job-seeking status have gradually improved. Many enterprises no longer require academic certificates, but pay more attention to the gold content of professional degree certificates themselves.
In short, good or bad is relative, as long as the ability is there, the ability proves everything.
What's the difference between academics and majors? Academic graduate students are more traditional, pay attention to academic research, generally three years, and the tuition is relatively low. Professional graduate students were first put forward in 2009, focusing on the application of knowledge, especially on the operation of practical ability. Tuition fees are relatively high, generally two years, and they are all postgraduate degrees recognized by the state, which is equivalent to a reform of the postgraduate system by the state. Personally, I am more optimistic about professional masters, and think that academic masters are too boring to engage in research, divorced from real life and integrating theory with practice.
In fact, there are many differences between academic and professional graduate students on the Internet. In short, there are different talent training plans:
Academic type tends to scientific research and training,
Specialty is to cultivate advanced skilled talents who pay attention to application ability.
There is also a master's degree in academic research, and professional students have to take the exam themselves if they want to study for a doctorate.