19-the diversified stage of pedagogy development in the 20th century: With the rapid development of pedagogy, on the basis of Herbart's theory, the development of pedagogy is increasingly diversified, and many new educational ideas and schools and some important educational works have emerged.

① Empirical education thoughts: (background, representative works, thoughts, contents and significance. )

In the 9th century AD/KLOC-0, Spencer, a British bourgeois thinker and sociologist, wrote On Education, which reflected his teaching thoughts. He is a famous British positivist who opposes speculation. He maintains that science is a record of empirical facts. The proposed educational task is to teach people how to live. Divide people's lives into five aspects. The purpose of education is to prepare for the realization of future life. He maintains that science is a record of empirical facts.

Practical subjects: physics, mathematics, mechanics, etc. Advocating inspiring people's learning consciousness and opposing formalism teaching and classical language and literature. Spencer's empirical education thought catered to the large-scale industrial production in capitalist society at that time, with strong utilitarian color.