The composition of school education system can be understood from two dimensions: horizontal hierarchical structure and vertical category structure, which are called school education structure.
The structure of school education refers to the proportional relationship and combination of all parts in the whole school education. Any school education system contains certain components, and their levels and categories are combined in some way to form a certain relationship, which is the school education structure.
1 current education classification system in China
(1) Basic education system.
Basic education is the basic project to improve the quality of our people, the "top priority" of China's educational development, and it is in a basic position in education. The fundamentality in basic education not only refers to its academic position in Kentucky, but also includes that basic education is the basis for students to further study, learn to be a man and learn to survive. Basic education includes preschool education and general primary and secondary education.
(2) Vocational and technical education system.
Vocational and technical education is an important part of modern education and an important pillar of industrialization, socialization and modernization of production. It was once called the "secret weapon" of Germany's rapid rise after the war. For a developing country like China, there is an urgent need for a large number of middle and senior professionals. Therefore, we must actively develop vocational and technical education according to the actual situation in various places and earnestly implement the system of "training first, then employment". Vocational and technical education includes technical schools, vocational middle schools, secondary specialized schools and vocational and technical colleges.
(3) Higher education system.
Including comprehensive universities, junior colleges, junior colleges and graduate schools. , as well as various adult higher education institutions such as employee universities, farmer universities, radio and television universities and correspondence universities that coincide with adult continuing education. It is an education to train senior professionals, which reflects the level of scientific and cultural development of a country.
Higher education shoulders the heavy responsibility of cultivating senior professionals, developing science and technology culture and promoting modernization. The development of higher education should adhere to the road of connotation development and focus on improving the quality and efficiency of education, rather than expanding the quantity. Due to historical reasons, China's higher education has formed a "spindle-shaped" structure with weak junior college and postgraduate education and a large proportion of undergraduate courses. In the future, we should strengthen and develop regional professional education, pay special attention to the development of professional education for the vast rural areas, small and medium-sized enterprises, township enterprises and the tertiary industry, strive to expand the number of graduate students, basically stabilize the scale of basic disciplines, appropriately develop emerging and marginal disciplines, and focus on developing applied disciplines.
(4) Adult continuing education system.
Including independent staff universities, peasant universities, cadre management colleges and administrative cadre colleges, as well as continuing education colleges and adult education colleges established by ordinary universities. This is an educational institution specially set up for adults who have already gone to work. It provides an opportunity for adults to receive school education again. With the knowledge constantly updated, the quality of staff and cadres is constantly improved to meet the requirements of the times.
Adult education is a new education system that adapts to the development of lifelong education. It faces people who are working in the society, which is of great significance to continuously improve people's quality and promote economic and social development, and needs to be actively developed. We should focus on job training and continuing education, and attach importance to the knowledge update of employees. In rural areas, we should actively run township adult cultural and technical schools and pay close attention to eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people. In adult education, we should strive to improve the quality of education in adult colleges such as correspondence and publishing, improve the self-study examination system and diploma examinations organized by other countries, and vigorously develop radio and television education.
(5) Normal education system.
Refers to preschool teachers' colleges, secondary teachers' colleges, teachers' colleges, and departments and majors specialized in training teachers in comprehensive universities.
(6) Education system for Party and government cadres.
Including schools at all levels, cadre schools and management colleges.
For a long time, China has paid too much attention to higher education in the category structure and neglected other aspects. To this end, the report of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that it is necessary to "give full play to the enthusiasm of all parties, vigorously popularize nine-year compulsory education, eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged people, actively develop various forms of vocational education and adult education, and steadily develop higher education". At this stage, we should adhere to the education development strategy of low center of gravity and establish "two basics" as the "top priority" of education development. Vocational education and adult education should seriously study the current situation of economic and industrial restructuring, the deepening reform of state-owned enterprises, and the requirements for technical training for on-the-job, job-transfer and laid-off workers, and actively face the market, enterprises and grass-roots units to cultivate and bring up a large number of high-quality practical talents who meet the needs of the first line of production. Higher education should develop steadily, adapt to the requirements of the scale and speed of modernization, and handle the relationship between development scale, structure, quality and benefit.
2. China's current educational academic system.
China's school education system includes four levels: preschool education, primary education, secondary education and higher education.
Early childhood education is a planned and organized education for preschool children according to certain training objectives and children's physical and mental characteristics. It is mainly implemented by kindergartens, nurseries, preschool classes and other institutions to recruit children aged three to six.
Primary education, that is, primary education, is an education that enables children to lay a foundation of cultural knowledge and prepare for their initial life, which is of great significance to improving national quality. In China, primary education is generally aimed at children between the ages of six and twelve, and its task is to give children the foundation for all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor. By the end of 1997, there were 628,800 primary schools in China, with students of139,963,700. The learning rate of children reached 98.92%, including 98.8 1% for girls and 99.02% for boys. The five-year consolidation rate reached 85.39%.
Secondary education is a secondary general education and professional education implemented on the basis of primary education, which is divided into two stages: primary and advanced. Secondary education includes: ① Full-time ordinary middle schools with a schooling of 5-6 years, which are divided into three sections, four sections, three sections and two sections, and are responsible for transporting qualified freshmen and cultivating labor reserve forces for higher schools. (2) Secondary specialized schools, including secondary technical schools and secondary specialized schools (including normal schools), recruit junior high school or high school graduates for 3-4 years, and mainly train intermediate specialized technical personnel. (3) Vocational middle schools, agricultural middle schools or work-study middle schools recruit junior high school graduates for three years. The task is to cultivate the reserve force of labor force for the country and all kinds of urgently needed talents for cities and rural areas. After years of hard work, China's secondary education has developed rapidly, especially reversing the situation of single secondary education structure.
Higher education is the highest level of formal school education, and it is a variety of higher vocational education based on secondary education, with the task of cultivating all kinds of senior professionals, developing science, technology and culture and promoting modernization. Higher education is divided into three levels: junior college, undergraduate and postgraduate education. College education is generally 2-3 years, undergraduate education is generally 4 years except for 6-9 years in medical colleges and a few science and engineering colleges, and postgraduate education is divided into master's and doctoral levels, each with 2-3 years. Higher education in China has reached a considerable scale. By the end of 1997, there were 1020 colleges and universities in China, including 603 junior colleges, 4 junior colleges, 4 short-term vocational universities and 736 institutions for training graduate students.